Review Paper On ' Shreyas Shah '

You're going to want to want to add a drop on a microscope slide, and observe their behaviors first without anything added. Next, you need to add an equal volume of 500 microliters of 1% India Ink to the cells. Before you sample that, you need to micropipette 20 microliters of cells + ink suspension into a microcentrifuge tube and add 10 microliters of 3% glutaraldehyde of to the tube. Lastly, you're going to count the number of vacuoles with ink per cell (at least 10 cells) at 0minutes. Record your information, and then you will continue to record the results at 5, 10, 20 and 30 minutes in the

Using a sterilized and cooled loop, take a small quantity of cell material and spread over the first quadrant by streaking the plate using three parallel

The cells are placed into a flask and are forced through a nozzle so small that they must pass through one by one. In the nozzle, the cells are vibrated at different frequencies to produce drops (3). The drops of cells are then scanned by a laser that is used to count and measure each cell. Separating populations of cells involves attaching antibody linked fluorescent dye to certain cells of interest (3). The information that is gathered from the sorting and measuring of the cells is evaluated by a computer. The final steps for the FACS include applying an electrical charge to the drops of cells (3). Before the drop of cell forms at the end of the nozzle, a charge is applied to the stream that will determine where the drop will go (3). Based on the charge, the drip is either moved left or right with electrodes or placed in to designated final tubes. Quantifying the FACS information involves displaying the information so we know how many cells of each color and charge were

    Mohammed Reza Pahlavi was the last shah of Iran, and he took the nickname of shahanshah. He was educated at the Swiss Interior School and completed his education in Iran. He married three times: Princess Fawzia, Thuraya Estfndyari and Farah Deba. He has five children, two sons and three daughters.

In this article, researchers at CWRU in Cleveland Ohio created a microfluidic platform to monitor the extent of someone's sickle cell disease. This could be instrumental in tracking the progress of sickle cell disease and could be responsible for recognizing problems and finding solutions. Due to the short length of the article, it didn’t go into anything about how microfluidics worked. On another site, I found it requires about a microliter of blood. Most chips have seven channels that each hold reagents and markers that identify targeted molecules. A syringe acts as a vacuum and pulls the blood through the channels. Then gold and silver nanoparticles attach to molecules and provide color which allows you to interpret the tests. It takes under

This process allows them to print an array of hundreds of tiny microfish within seconds. This does not require the use of harsh chemicals, and because the technology is digitized, it can be adapted to various other biomimetic shapes like birds or sharks. Moreover, the nanoparticles could also be customized to endow the microfish with different functions. Their tiny size, easy customizability and rapid manufacture make these microrobots amenable to a plethora of biomedical applications like robotic microsurgeries and drug

The Labyrinth in Greek mythology inspired researchers to create a maze-like chip which sends blood through fluid channels separating rare cancer cells into a clean stream for analysis. This has the potential of changing cancer treatment due to doctors being able to plan out treatments, monitor changes, and preventing aggressive cells that are likely to spread the cancer. The only arising issue is that cancer cells only count for one billion blood cells, and the fact that cancer cells are thought of to be aggressive and drug resistant. Cancer cells transition from stem-cells to ordinary cells that grow and divide. Sunitha Nagrath, a professor of chemical engineering, says, “The markers for them are so complex, there is no one marker we could

The device (Fig. 1) utilizes a solid-state nanopore to immobilize an antibody to capture a target cell surface. The antibody with a biotin-end linear space arm is electrically captured by the solid-state nanopore and then attached to the streptavidin across the nanopore, which is too narrow to translocate either streptavidin or antibody. As a CTC passing by the nanopore, the antibody is attached to the cell surface and dragging the streptavidin towards the nanopore, resulting in a deep current blockade. Based on the flow-induced detachment mechanism, the antibody will detach from the CTC, and the current will return to the steady state current. There are multiple nanopores spaced along the microfluidic channel (Fig. 1b). As the target cell moves through the channel, the antibody in each nanopore binds the cell sequentially. Thus, the accurate cell identification is achieved by multi-measurements, which allows a cancer cell to be separated from a normal

Therefore, patients can receive treatment before cancer metastasizes to other areas of the body, which is resulting in better health outcomes. The main challenge in circulating tumor cell (CTC) research is their detection, which requires the ability to detect one CTC out of almost 1 billion normal blood cells [2, 3]. Based on the known properties of tumor cells, several platforms for CTC detection have been developed. Such platforms can be classified into two major categories: (I) Immunochemistry-based methods, and (II) physical property-based methods. CELLSEARCHTM from Janssen Diagnostics is considered the most successful and the only FDA-approved platform for CTC detection in clinical practice in patients with breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers. Limitation of this method is the low yield of CTC capture from larger blood volume. Metastasis often involves epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cells; thus, epithelial marker-dependent approaches may miss numerous CTCs that have low or absent epithelial marker expression. Isolation by size of epithelial tumor cells (ISET) [4] is another widely accepted size-based approach. This platform applies a specific membrane filter for tumor cell selection, because tumor cells are often larger and stiffer than blood cells. Main advantage of using membrane filter is that cells can be retained for further investigation. Nonetheless, the sizes of tumor cells may vary

The cells usually are put into a special liquid and sent to a laboratory for testing:

As recently described by Whiteside (2016), systems that involve the manipulation or process of small volume and amounts of fluids (10-9 – 10-18 liters) through a channel proportional to it can be considered or defined as microfluidics technology. It uses small size of particles and flow characteristics of fluid such as laminar flow in microchannel to manipulate particle behavior [1]. This resulted in the significant advancement in the field of bio-medicine especially through the development and discovery of newer methods of analysis, which is certainly without a doubt due to microfluidic technology and science [2].

Microfluidics technology, originated at Stanford University in Analytical Chemistry field, is a science integrated the sample preparation, reaction, separation,

An important aspect for cell capture devices is the ability to easily access cells and nucleic acids for downstream analysis (e.g. clonal expansion, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), gene expression, and sequencing) to determine the type of primary tumor and monitor disease progression [130, 131]. Microfluidic cell capture approaches are typically formed by permanently bonding the channel network to the capture surface, and access to the captured cells and nucleic acids is only possible by flowing fluid through the channel. With the magnetic latching used in SEAM, the channel and the surface can be quickly decoupled to provide open access to the captured

It is an automatic whole slide scanner that is comprised of the following components: an optical focusing system, a CCD camera, a Z-focusing system, an XY-translational stage, bright field illumination, a multi-color fluorescence excitation and emission filter system, a microprocessor control board, and a computer. The user can upload up to 8 slides for processing and can view images in up to 5 fluorescent colors. Vanguard scans the entire surface of the microfluidic slide with a series of fluorescence filters that are defined for a given assay and acquires images. A standard assay includes capture of images using filters for DAPI (nucleus), Alexafluor 488 (pan cytokeratin [PanCK], an epithelial marker) and Alexafluor 594 (CD45, a leukocyte marker). Additionally the user can capture data with filters for Cy3, Cy5 or PE and APC. After data acquisition is completed, the images are analyzed for any event where DAPI and cytokeratin are within a specified space in the slide, i.e., indicating the possible presence of a cell with a nucleus that expresses cytokeratin. Images from each fluorescent color, as well as a composite image are presented to the user in a gallery for CTC calls. A cell is classified as a CTC when it is DAPI+, PanCK+ and CD45-. A check mark is placed by the operator next to the composite images and the software tallies all

According to the stochastic model, tumor cells are biologically equivalent but their behavior is influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors and is therefore both variable and unpredictable. Thus, tumor-initiating activity cannot be enriched by sorting cells based on intrinsic characteristics.