Research Paper On Robert Koch

Then later on he conducted one of his most historic experiments to inject animals with the bacteria to see how the disease develops. While also conducting this experiment he found out the life cycle of the bacteria which became Koch’s postulates, the relationship between microorganisms and the diseases caused by it. By the 1800s doctors have seen cases of Anthrax but have not yet came up with diagnoses of the disease and they haven’t found the cause of Anthrax. Wool sorters disease came about because they saw a link between sheep and the people in animal hair industries. The mid-century researchers have seen rod-shaped bodies in blood of infected animals. The first vaccine was created in 1881 by Louis Pasteur. He experimented with his vaccine by first giving two shots to twenty-five animals of the vaccine then with a weaker form of the bacteria, after he gave the animals live anthrax. The ones that had the initial vaccination were the ones that survived, he also gave live Anthrax to animals that haven’t had the vaccine those animals did not survive. Anthrax began to be well documented around the 1900s in the United States, Britain, and Germany not

Smallpox was most commonly brought to America during the eighteenth century by English immigrants or recently

While others, were only effected by direct contact. It was thought to have been sustainable by even touching clothing or other such items of the infected. Conditions of the fourteenth century were also a contributing factor. Famine had been an arising issue due to the number of overpopulation. Because of this, their immune systems began to weaken. “Europeans were susceptible to disease because many people lived in crowded surroundings in an era when personal hygiene was not considered important” (Dowling). The cities were unsanitary and littered with germs, making it easier to sustain such diseases. Unhealthy habits were conducted and medical advances had not yet been made. Doctors themselves had not known what to advise. No prescriptions had worked. There was no cure to what was happening. Most were not even aware of what was impending upon them. Anything that could would be tried, in hopes of living. People were becoming desperate.

The earliest indicator of smallpox in history is the extensive lesions on three Egyptian mummies. There are also recorded cases from the Hitties (1346 BC), Syracuse (595 BC), Athens (490 BC), China (48AD), Korean Peninsula (583 AD), and Japan (585 AD), however, they are not definite cases because these ancient physicians were unable to distinguish smallpox rashes from other skin rashes. Nevertheless, this distinction was made in 910 AD by physician Al-Razi. As Islam spread across North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, smallpox followed. By 1000 AD, smallpox epidemics were widely recorded from Japan to Spain. In the 16th century, smallpox outbreaks hit large cities such as London and Geneva, and exploration across oceans facilitated the spread of smallpox as well to the Americas, Australia, and South Africa. In the Americas, natives were seen as lesser and put to work in mines and on plantations where the combination of poor working conditions and European disease thinned out their population. This encouraged the importation of slaves from Africa as replacements and eventual establishment of slave trade to the New World. Smallpox outbreaks killed many natives, starting in Hispaniola and spreading to Cuba, the Yucatan, and other parts of Mexico. The spread was almost systematic, and due to the nature of smallpox, affected isolated, indigenous populations. Even after Edward Jenner created a successful vaccine for smallpox, it remained a serious threat, as many people, especially in rural areas were not

The disease was first noted in 1786 by Caleb Hillier Parry 1755- 1822, physician from General Hospital, Bath, England. His account was published posthumously in 1825.

Another deadly disease was Consumption, or Tuberculosis which claimed the most young lives in the 19th century. The disease destroyed the lungs and was transmitted by sneezing and coughing by infected people or infected cows. It affected Victorians five to thirty who lived in an urban environment who had contact with an infected person. It causes weight loss, fever, night sweats, and fatigue. Later the person has a persistent cough, chest pain, and coughs up blood. Before it gets really extreme, it can be cured with rest, fresh air, and sunshine (Brown). The victims could live a very long time but they had to live with attacks that could last for years or decades. It allowed those infected to get married, have children, and pass on the disease. Families could suffer from the infection for two, sometimes three generations. Passed from grandparent to parent to child, for much of the century, physicians thought the disease was hereditary, not contagious. It could take years to develop symptoms and only 5-10% who have the bacteria ever develop the disease (Eagan).

Before the mid-eighteenth century, public health was an issue that was largely overlooked, but new investigations regarding fever among the lower class made way for new research regarding public health. One of the biggest issues in the cities were the abundance of animals, ranging from horses, to cattle, to pigs. However, what the cities did not realize was the harmful effects that these animals had on the environment. When animals would die, their carcasses would generate vapors that led to diseases and illness. Although there was a catastrophic cattle plague in 1865-1866, the Victorian government did not look at animals in the city a significant issue until the end of the century. 1876 was a pivotal year in regards to animals and their effects on society. In 1876 studies showed the specific agents of disease that were linked between animals and humans. These

Over a century ago, the practice of medicine was hardly a science. “[T]he most eminent doctors had not one bit better explanation for the causes of epidemics than the ignorant Russian villagers who hitched the town widows to their plows,” writes Paul de Kruif in Microbe Hunters. It wasn’t until the discoveries of Robert Koch, Louis Pasteur, and Paul Ehrlich, effective treatments were developed. Demons were no longer the cause of disease and incurable maladies were no longer incurable. These trail breakers developed medicine into what it is today. The research and inventions of Koch, Pasteur, and Ehrlich introduced the world to new scientific breakthroughs and knowledge.

Residents of crowded European cities were familiar with many infectious diseases, but the people of Salem did not expect to be crippled by smallpox. Between mid to late 17th century, the New England colonies experienced multiple smallpox epidemics, Boston alone had a 14.1% mortality rate with more than 800 deaths among inoculated persons. (CITE #4) Cotton Mather was a renowned preacher who had studied medicine at Harvard. Although he advocated inoculation, which would have helped alleviate

Anthrax is dangerous and deadly poison. It can be found in soil and wild animals. The attack of Anthrax took place on October 2001. Contact with anthrax can cause serious illness in humans and animals. Anthrax is not contagious, even though you get infected with anthrax when spores get into the body. Antibiotics can cure the disease. On October 2001, there was heavy pressure from the President to solve the Anthrax Files. In addition, they had two suspects for the Anthrax crime and FBI’s were sure that the second suspect was guilty.

Louis Pasteur, noted chemist and microbiologist was lecturing concerning anthrax. Pasteur had developed a few methods which had never been tested before and he presented them to the Academy of Agriculture. This was particularly important because there had been a huge loss of life in humans, sheep, horses and cows. The president of the Agriculture Society of Melun encouraged Pasteur to pursue his experimentation. The society even provided animals for testing.

Gustav Koch is a dissonance-loving composer in the contemporary classical music scene of the future who is preparing to have his pieces performed by a group of musicians on the planet Vetros. This celestial body solely comprises an eminent concert hall. In spite of Koch' artistic ambitions, he is living under the shadow of death; during rehearsals, his performers die one by one.

Anthrax is a life-threatening infectious disease that commonly gets caught by animals, especially herbivores such as goats, cattle, sheep horses and deer. This infection is caused by a bacteria called Bacillus Anthracis. Bacillus Anthrax are the form of bacteria that cause infection. Under the microscope Bacillus Anthracis look like gram-positive, rod-shapes. Anthrax organisms are found in a form called spores which live in the soil. Spores have been known to survive in the soil for a period of 48 years. These spores are round, oval, very hard-shelled and difficult to destroy.

Humans can be infected once one’s body encounters an anthrax endospore. Spores enter the body and become active, once they have become active the bacteria can multiply (CDC). The endospores can enter the body in many different ways, such as inhalation, ingestion, a cut on the skin, or even being injected.

But now, people call the biological warfare as bioterrorism instead of biological warfare. This bioterrorism started in 14th to 15th when they knew how virus was transmitted. Then use of biological weapon is widely use around 19th to 20th centuries. During world war 1, it start when German attempts to use anthrax to spread among animals. Anton Dilger is the one who start to sent the virus to United State. But, Anton Dilger never arrested until he run to Spain and died in 1918. While in 1972, two students were arrested because they want to poison city’water supply with