In addition to the multiplicativity index, the Relative Asbestos Effect (RAE) was used to evaluate the multiplicative interaction between smoking and asbestos. The RAE is the effect of smoking on the asbestos effect expressed as the ratio of the risk ratio due to asbestos exposure in non-smokers (RR01) to that in smokers (RR11). This measure is used to examine the heterogeneity of asbestos effect across categories of smoking status, to determine if there is effect-measure modification. If the asbestos effect is the same for non-smokers as for smokers, then the RAE is equal to one, whereas a value greater than one indicates that the effect of asbestos is greater in non-smokers than in smokers (negative multiplicative interaction), and vice versa (27). The equation of RAE is: RAE=RR01/RR11 …show more content…
For the interaction term, an odds ratio (95% CI) which is significantly greater (or less) than one, indicates a multiplicative interaction (29). The multiplicative interaction may also be evaluated with the likelihood ratio test comparing logistic regression models (or cox regression) with or without the interaction term (7,30). In epidemiologic studies, researchers examine the additive interaction or multiplicative interaction only for empirical reasons; and usually use the one that shows a better fit to the observations. In fact, statistical interactions are mostly evaluated as departure from multiplicativity, due to the statistical models used in the analyses (e.g. logistic regression), and that the models generate the multiplicative interactions results immediately. Usually, if authors are interested in the evaluation of the statistical interaction, they should report results as departure from additivity and
There is a risk for a type 1 error in this study because of the multiple comparisons in this study.
As discussed previously, this exposure has resulted in overall health issues for the people of Libby especially, and also people throughout America. The asbestos exposure has impaired all aspects of health for these people. Physically it has destroyed the integrity of their lungs, which results in many restrictions in life such as impaired physical mobility due to lack of easily being able to oxygenate the entire body. Mentally it has destroyed a lot of their happiness in life. Spiritually it may have strengthen their relationship with their higher power, or it may have broken a bond the people had with their higher power, because they may have felt their was no higher power or they would not have had this happen to them. Socially they have been impacted, because they have lost many close friends from within the community, which has hindered their overall social health. All of these factors have reduced the life span of the people of Libby. Combined all of these factors create problems with overall health, ultimately decrease the life span of these people. The physical factors harm the body, making for a shorter life among these people. The mental, social, and spiritual stress that has been placed on these people can damage their body as well. Stress can be harmful to body in many ways. Not only does the physical consequences of asbestos affect the lungs, but the stress
Asbestos once was a vital element in the majority of building projects from commercial to domestic structures in various sections of them, including the roofs. We now know that exposure to this element can be dangerous to your health. Inhaling the particles that come off asbestos can cause Mesothelioma. In its benign state, it is a non-cancerous tumour, but in its malignant form, it is a severe type of rare cancer. For this reason, you need to remove all asbestos from your structures, but in a safe, professional manner.
Active smoking and disease relationship was first studied as case-control studies in Germany during 1939 and 1943which revealed a strong association between active smoking and lung cancer [1]. After that large number of studies were conducted which established relationship of tobacco smoke with
The lesson and case studies presented for evaluation was a great learning exercise. A better understanding of how to interpret data was gained. Also, weighing the clinical significance versus the statistical significance to show relevance is invaluable. All research is not quality research and one must be equipped to recognize bias, threats to validity and proper population representation. Moreover, critiquing the credibility of a study is essential to the health care advances.
Exposure to asbestos is a significant risk factor. People who have worked in jobs where they have been exposed asbestos and family members of these workers who
You have locked all the windows, made sure all the doors are locked and secure and set the security alarm before retiring to bed. You even had security lights added at the corners and entrances of your home. Despite all your efforts to protect your family, there is a killer in your home, lurking, waiting, for the right moment to strike. It is not a person, but a thing, and it is called asbestos. Asbestos is a mineral found and mined out of the earth and is naturally fire and heat resistant. Therefore, it was used in many building materials such as insulation for building and electrical, mixed with cement, and used in fabric or mats. The prolonged inhalation of asbestos fibers can cause lung cancer, mesothelioma, and asbestosis. According
According to the CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention), exposure to asbestos increases the risk of developing malignant Mesothelioma. The latency period for the disease is
56). The correlational statistics verified the association between variables while content analysis of the quantitative data collected allowed for categorization of patient responses (Hardin et al., 2011). In this particular instance, appropriate use of data collection was utilized.
Despite being banned in Australia nowadays, asbestos can still be found in most of older construction, residential and commercial area as well as abandoned mining site. Studies show that the building workers, specifically the plumbers, gas fitters, carpenters and electricians the highest risk of getting mesothelioma, disease from asbestos fibres (Peto, J., Hodgson, J.T., Matthews, F.T., & Jacqueline, R., 1995). According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, the number of mesotheliomas ' cases are increasing and expected to reach 18000 in recent. Though the asbestos is known as hazardous material, it can only affect the health if the asbestos fibres become airborne and are inhaled. The primary route for the asbestos to enter the body is through the inhalation processes of the contaminated air (Safework Australia, 2011). Unusually, small fibrous particles of
d. Perform a new logistic regression to find the odds ratio for curing the infection without adjusting for the centers. Which measure, adjusted, or unadjusted odds ratio, do you prefer to use when you investigate the drug effect on curing the infection?
Lung cancer is mesothelioma, and in the USA 80% of mesothelioma cases are caused by smoking. That is an indisputable fact. In order to prove the intervention of asbestos in a case, therefore, not only would the patients have to prove that they had worked with asbestos, but also not to have smoked. Had they smoked, then the award could be greatly
Q9. 1418 men were cross-classified according to their smoking status and their lung cancer status as in the following table:
Mcculloch (1986, p. 11) shows that asbestos is a human carcinogen to individuals living in industrialized states, if exposure occurs. The exposure of large numbers of people had been those who worked in buildings construction and the mines. However, asbestos exposure affects not only asbestos workers but also their families, users of asbestos products, as it was exposed to building materials and in heating and ventilating systems (Benarde, 1990). A number of exposed workers were from South Africa, because the protection of workers and communities was
What is asbestos you ask? Well asbestos is the name for a group of naturally occurring silicate minerals that can be separated into fibers. The fibers are strong, durable, and resistant to heat and fire. They are also long, thin, and flexible, so that they can even be woven into cloth. Because of these qualities, asbestos has been used in thousands if consumer, industrial, maritime, automotive, scientific and building products. During the twentieth century, some 30 million tons of asbestos were used in industrial sites, homes, schools, shipyards and commercial buildings in the United States.