Reasons The Trials Of Witch Trials

One of the most interesting aspects of the European witch trials between 1450 and 1750 is the frequency with which accused witches confessed to the crime of witchcraft throughout the legal proceedings. While some confessions were offered voluntarily, most were not, and extreme measures were often employed by prosecutors to force confessions from the accused. Among the questions this raises, a prominent one is why obtaining confessions to witchcraft was so crucial. This paper argues that confessions were so important in continental Europe because of the critical developments they facilitated: namely, confessions allowed prosecutors to secure convictions of witchcraft within a judicial system that required high standards of proof; they produced information that was invaluable to the creation and spread of the concept of witchcraft; and they validated the guilt of the accused, the reality of

Salem Witch Trials of 1692 were a horrific time in the colony of Salem, present day Massachusetts. It was a low point in the American history where many people were accused and some people were even killed, at that time. It was a time when many women and some men were put on trial and tortured for being accused of being a witch and doing witch craft.

blended into tales of witchcraft, war stories circulated in the town, and the girls in it were

Numerous hypotheses have circulated trying to explain why the Salem Witch Trials occurred. Some include the fungus ergot that had psychedelic consequences when consumed and the Puritans’ adamant belief in their religion. None of them, however, justify why over 200 people were accused of practicing witchcraft and 20 more were executed. The Salem Witch Trials are a prime example of why theocratic societies fail and the effects can still be seen today. We can still see witches in other parts of the world, see memorials for the victims of the trials, and modern day witch hunts.

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Before the 1500s, prosecution of witches was rare. Trials were conducted against those who were seen as suspects of “practicing harmful magic and occasional mass trials" (Bever, 2009, p. 263). These accusations were often made by children and that of their imagination. The decline; however, occurred not through the prosecutions but through its “suppressing roles” and the overall “decline in witch beliefs” (Bever, 2009, p. 285). The title of the article is “Witchcraft Prosecutions and the Decline of Magic” and it is written by Edward Bever. Bever is the Associate Professor of History, SUNY College at Old Westbury.

Before Christianity spread throughout Europe, village societies had “cunning folk” (McLean). These men and women were believed to have practiced magic and act as healers for the members of society (McLean). When Christianity collided with folk culture, many townspeople viewed the Christian clergy as similar to the cunning folk (“The European Witch Hunts”). Eventually, the clergymen claimed that their powers came directly from God, and any other magic was the work of the Devil (McLean). They called the people who practiced this magic, the people formerly known as “cunning folk,” witches (“The European Witch Hunts”). Witches and witchcraft were observed with fear and condemnation but very little violence. Around 1000 CE, as the “concept of Satan, the Biblical Devil, began to develop into a more threatening form,” the idea of witchcraft began to be seen as a dangerous and terrifying to Christianity and God (McLean). While there were witch hunts between the 11th and 14th centuries, the prevalence of the Black Plague caused a staggering increase in the amount of accusations (Lewis). In 1484, Pope Innocent VIII issued a papal bull condemning witchcraft, and later that decade, in 1486, Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger published Malleus Maleficarum, or Hammer of Witches, which detailed how to discover and try witches (Lewis). These two actions sparked a long period of constant witch hunts (McLean). With the invention of the printing press, the mania was

Salem Witch Trials was a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in the Salem Village of the 17th century New England. The trials caused executions of many people but mostly women. Salem Witch Trials exposed the different roles men and women were supposed to play during the seventeenth century. Women were supposed to take on “wifely duties” such as, be mothers and housewives. Women were thought to follow the men. The trials also revealed that there were strict religious norms during the seventeenth century. There was a rigid moral code believed that God would punish sinful behavior. Those who were under the covenant by the church of the Salem Village believed that Satan would select those to fulfill his work

Imagine yourself in Salem, Massachusetts, sometime in 1692. What are you imagining? Small houses, one-room schools, or maybe starving people trying to survive a harsh winter? Both of those scenarios probably happened. But I’m focusing on something else, something much more dire. Because in Salem, Massachusetts, 1692, witch accusations were happening, and for over a year. Approximately 200 people were accused of being witches. Roughly 20 were killed and about five more died in prison. This is the cruelty I will be explaining, the cruelty of the Salem witch hunts, trials and executions. Would you have been a suspect? What about the trials or tests? Were witches really burnt at the stake? Discover all of this and more in the five following

In the year (1692) witch trials held the Salem area hostage people were terrified. People of

The Salem witchcraft trials took place in colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693. The news of witches began to spread in Salem when a group of young girls gathered together in the kitchen of the Reverend Samuel Parris with his Indian slave named Tituba to experiment with witchcraft. After these young girls began to portray unusual behavior the village doctor came to the scene and diagnosed the girls to be possessed by the devil. The news of the presence of witches spread throughout Salem like a craze and lead to a series of accusations and turmoil.

According to Levack, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the principal cause for the decline in witchcraft prosecutions was judicial skeptics, which he defined as judges, inquisitors, magistrates, and writers who objected “to the ways in which the trials were being conducted” (Levack, The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe, 2016, p. 231). Although some judicial skeptics may have questioned, or even denied, the existence of witches and witchcraft, in most cases it was whether or not the individual being charged was guilty of witchcraft and whether that charge could be proven in the court of law that was in question. The most substantial changes in the handling of the witchcraft trials were the regulation of local trials by higher judicial authorities, the limitation and/or prohibition of tortures, the mandate for more compelling evidence. As a result of these

Doctor William Beaumont discovered that gastric juices digest food by treating a gunshot patient who’s wound healed forming a hole. Nazis are bad. Nazis performed inhumane experiments on many people they deemed as “inferior”. The “Angel of Death” Josef Mengele was fascinated with twins and conducted many experiments on them because they were “natural controls”. In the 1930s, German medical schools led such experiments in eugenics and promoted the concept of the Aryan purity. Mengele performed experiments such as: blood transfusions between twins, stitched two twins together as conjoined twins, electric shock, exposing women to high radiation subjecting them for sterilization, and even tossing escaped Jewish children in pits of burning gasoline. He escaped war criminal charges throughout the entirety of his life. After World War Two, German physicians pleaded that what they had done should not be considered war crimes because they had only been following orders and were not very different from what American physicians would do to captives. The Nuremberg trials created ten principles for ethical experimentation and that anyone should freely consent to participation. Similarly, American researchers experimented on orphans, inmates, mental institution patients, and military personnel. Soldiers were unknowingly introduced to mustard gas which was later tested as an anticancer drug. During times of war, protection of human rights was undervalued. American physicians injected many

Marijuana is one of the most popularly used drugs in the world, and is growing in popularity every year because of the fact that it has great potential for medical use, is relatively harmless compared to other legal and illegal drugs, and can be used to create practical household items. It is popular with many groups as a recreational drug, but recent research has suggested that marijuana can be very useful in medical applications. It contains chemicals that affect the central nervous system called cannabinoids which, are used to make medicine. Additionally, marijuana has the ability to be used as a medicine by itself. Because of the fact that it could be taken in so many different ways, such as being smoked, eaten, or even drank in tea, it can cater to everyone’s different preferences. Lastly, it can be used to make practical items, and can serve as material for products.

Educators and politicians have long questioned the quality and effectiveness of the techniques used in bilingual education programs. William J. Tikunoff (1985), in the Significant Bilingual Instructional Features study identified five specific bilingual instructional features that are favored by educators in their effort to ensure that limited English language proficient (LEP) students acquire the basic academic and language skills necessary to succeed in school and beyond. All of these features and techniques are also incorporated in the components of the Sheltered Instruction Observational Protocol (SIOP) standards for bilingual and second language instructional excellence (Echevarria, Vogt, & Short 2012). Sheltered instruction is a