Reactive Chromatography ( Rc )

In radical halogenations lab 1-chlorobutane and 5% sodium hypochlorite solution was mixed in a vial and put through tests to give a product that can then be analyzed using gas chromatography. This experiment was performed to show how a radical hydrogenation reaction works with alkanes. Four isomers were attained and then relative reactivity rate was calculated. 1,1-dichlorobutane had 2.5% per Hydrogen; 1,2-dichlorobutane had 10%; 1,3-dichlorobutane had 23%; and 1,4-dichlorobutane had 9.34% per Hydrogen.

After 10 minutes the reaction liquid was separated from the solid using a vacuum filtration system and toluene. The product was stored and dried until week 2 of the experiment. The product was weighed to be 0.31 g. Percent yield was calculated to be 38.75%. IR spectra data was conducted for the two starting materials and of the product. Melting point determination was performed on the product and proton NMR spectrum was given. The IR spectrum revealed peaks at 1720 cm-1, which indicated the presence of a lactone group, and 1730 cm-1, representing a functional group of a carboxylic acid (C=O), and 3300cm-1, indicating the presence of an alcohol group (O-H). All three peaks correspond with the desired product. A second TLC using the same mobile and stationary phase as the first was performed and revealed Rf Values of 0.17 and 0.43for the product. The first value was unique to the product indicating that the Diels-Alder reaction was successful. The other Rf value of 0.43 matched that of maleic anhydride indicating some

Bacteria groups or species can be differentiated by the fermentation patterns. The end-product of carbohydrate fermentation is an acid or acid with gas production and is dependent on the organism involved in the fermentation process. The carbohydrate fermentation tests detect if an organism is able to utilize glucose, lactose and sucrose. Phenol red is used as a pH indicator because it can indicate a change in pH when acid products are formed. Bacteria can utilize certain sugars resulting in an alkaline by-product which changes the color of the carbohydrate broth from red to yellow. Bubbles trapped within the Durham tube indicate the production of gas. The Phenol red carbohydrate fermentation tests determine that my organism E. coli can utilize glucose, lactose and sometimes sucrose but can only produce gas in glucose and lactose. (Phenol red carbohydrate fermentation lab

The purpose of this experiment was to perform an esterification reaction with an unknown carboxylic acid, resin, and 1-butanol. In this experiment, 114 mg of 1-butanol, 329 mg and 50.3 mg resin were added to a conical vial. The vial was reflux for an hour on a hot plate and later cool to room temperature. The product of this reaction is C_14 H_20 O_2, which was extracted by pipet into a centrifuge tube. 6 mL of ether was used to rinse all the product into the centrifuge tube.

Which one of the statements concerning valence bond (VB) and molecular orbital (MO) bond theories is correct?

Abstract: One mixture of two unknown liquid compounds and one mixture of two unknown solid compounds were separated, isolated, purified, and characterized by boiling point. Two liquid unknowns were separated, isolated, and purified via simple distillation. Then, the process of an acid-base extraction and washing were used to separate two unknown compounds into two crude compounds: an organic acid and a neutral organic compound. Each crude compound was purified by recrystallization, resulting in a carboxylic acid (RCO2H) and a pure organic compound (RZ). The resulting mass of the pure carboxylic acid was 1.688g with a percent recovery of 31.80%, the boiling range was 244-245 °C, and its density was 2.0879g/mL. The resulting mass of the pure organic solid was 2.4902g with a percent recovery of 46.91%, the boiling range was 52.0-53.4°C, and its density was 1.5956 g/mL.

The purpose of this lab was to synthesize the ester isopentyl acetate via an acid catalyzed esterification (Fischer Esterification) of acetic acid with isopentyl alcohol. Emil Fischer and Arthur Speier were the pioneers of this reaction referred to as Fischer Esterification. The reaction is characterized by the combining of an alcohol and an acid (with an acid catalyst) to yield and ester plus water. In order to accomplish the reaction, the reactants were

Clostridium acetobutylicum is a bacterial species that ferments sugar to a mixture of organic solvents (acetone, butanol and ethanol). This protocol delineates a methodology to combine solventogenic clostridial fermentation and chemical catalysis via extractive fermentation for the production of biofuel blendstocks. Extractive fermentation of C. acetobutylicum is operated in fed-batch mode with a concentrated feed solution (500 grams per liter glucose and 50 grams per liter yeast extract) for 60 h, producing in excess of 40 g of solvents (acetone, butanol and ethanol) between the completely immiscible extractant and aqueous phases of the bioreactor. After distillation of the extractant phase, the acetone, butanol and ethanol mixture is upgraded

For this experiment, Alcohol D and Acid 2 reacted in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid, resulting in a colorless solution with brown layer on top. After washes with sodium bicarbonate and brine, the pale-yellow liquid product was dried and then distilled. Distillation resulted in two colorless fractions, the second of which had a boiling point of 69-70 ˚C. This boiling point is unrealistic for any compound obtained in this experiment, so it was not used in identifying the product. After distillation, both fractions were spectroscopically analyzed. The IR and NMR spectra obtained for both fraction were identical, meaning both fractions contained exactly the same substance. Both fractions also smelled the same, like piña colada, therefore confirming this conclusion. This outcome also meant that the amount of product synthesized was 5.7393 g.

In this experiment, methyl benzoate was synthesized from benzoic acid and methanol with acid catalyze using Fisher Esterification. First benzoic acid and methanol were mixed in 100 mL round bottom flask. We cooled the mixture in ice and poured 3 mL of conc. H2SO4 and swirled to mix compounds. Then we refluxed the mixture for 1 hour. We let the solution cool and then decanted into a separatory funnel containing 50 mL of water and rinsed the round bottom flask with 35 mL of tert-butyl methyl ether and added that to a separatory funnel. We shook and vented thoroughly and drained the aqueous layer which contained a bulk of methanol and H2SO4. We washed the solution in the separatory funnel with 25 mL of water, followed by 25 mL of sat. sodium bicarbonate

Purpose: The purpose of the experiment was to perform the acid-catalyzed Fischer Esterification of acetic acid and isopentyl alcohol to form isopentyl acetate, or banana oil, which is used in flavor industries. The equilibrium of the reaction was changed by adding an excess amount of acetic acid. The reaction was refluxed and product was purified by extraction and distillation. Isopentyl acetate was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy and 1H NMR spectroscopy.

The purpose of this experiment is to practice common organic laboratory techniques inside the lab to get one oriented to the basic methods of procedure that can be used for later experiments. This experiment involves the separation of benzoic acid from a more crude form, consisting of benzoic acid, methyl orange, a common acid/base indicator, and cellulose, a natural polymer of glucose (Huston, and Liu 17-24). The technique that is used to perform this separation is called extraction. Extraction is a systematic process of separating mixtures of compounds, taking advantage of the affinity differences of compounds to separate them (Padias 128-37). This technique recognizes the principle that “like dissolves in like,” that is,

A pre-weighed (0.315g) mixture of Carboxylic acid, a phenol, and neutral substance was placed into a reaction tube (tube 1). tert-Butyl methyl ether (2ml) was added to the tube and the solid mixture was dissolved. Next, 1 ml of saturated NaHCO3 solution was added to the tube and the contents were mixed separating the contents into three layers. Once this was completed

It’s true that polygraph equipment can detect and measure the physiological reactions accurately but this does not imply that they can measure the lies accurately. Though a normal person lying, may show these reactions most of the time but it can’t be conclusive. It is not always true representation as they may be influenced by some conditional factors and also be controlled by some countermeasures. Most of the studies done on polygraph for lie detection is analog, i.e., they have been done in lab and these are not field based. Since, it is not possible to create the real field situation accurately in lab, accurate conclusion cannot be made from these and these can be treated only as an indication.

Nowadays, there are several illicit drugs such as marijuana, heroin, cocaine that are used in some area in the United States. Those drugs influence people every day of their life. They also affect people whether they are using them, drugs dealer, victims of drugs related crime or dealing with family members’ addiction. On the other hands, the government spends much money for education, medical, technology and recycles. Besides these issues, the government also spends billions of dollars for drug laws enforcement to against them and drug fighting. Since drugs are unsafe, the prohibition is an answer to this problem. The government of the United States should consider to legalizing those drugs. Although some people oppose that drugs legalizing drugs will increases the number of users, increases the number of users, and make more people addictive; however it can be true that legalizing drugs will increase the economic, reduce the corruption of officers, and save tax money.