Reaction 4.1-Bromopentane Essay

The objective of this laboratory experiment is to study both SN1 and SN2 reactions. The first part of the lab focuses on synthesizing 1-bromobutane from 1-butanol by using an SN2 mechanism. The obtained product will then be analyzed using infrared spectroscopy and refractive index. The second part of the lab concentrates on how different factors influence the rate of SN1 reactions. The factors that will be examined are the leaving group, Br – versus Cl-; the structure of the alkyl group, 3◦ versus 2◦; and the polarity of the solvent, 40 percent 2-propanol versus 60 percent 2-propanol.

With a 9-inch pipet was used to add water through the condenser to keep the flask no more than half way full. Clove oil was extracted from the distillate in 1 mL increments every 5 to 10 minutes. The distillation and extraction process was approximately 37 minutes with 7 mL of distillate recovered. The product recovered was a light yellow liquid color with the same strong, sweet, cinnamon odor as the raw clove. 1 mL of dichloromethane solution was used to rinse the Hickman still and was then transferred to the centrifuge tube. Another 2 mL more of dichloromethane was added and shaken vigorously. Upon shaking the the mixture turned a cloudy white color with two layers resulting. The major component of clove oil was extracted with two more 3 mL portions of dichloromethane solution. The mixture was allowed to cool and left in the hood overnight to dry.

Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to observe a variety of chemical reactions and to identify patterns in the conversion of reactants into products.

Determining how a mechanism comes to be is crucial as a scientist and arriving to conclusions is a crucial component which lead to examining and determining which mechanism takes place when two or more substrates are made to react. At the end of the experiment a mechanism was determined based on the purified product’s melting point. This was accomplished by having the reaction take place but also through acquiring the melting point and comparing the number to the melting point which was already established by the scientific community. (Q1) When 0.252 g of trans-cinnamic acid was mixed in 2.5 mL glacial acetic acid and 0.434g pyridinium tribromide was added, the resulting product reflects an addition reaction. In general, reactions take place to achieve its lowest Gibb’s free energy because it’s at

The initial product is the beta-hydroxyketone, which rapidly undergoes dehydration and creates the final product, trans-p-anisalacetophenone. Technically, both the carbonyls cannot be mixed together with sodium hydroxide to get one product. We will get a dominant product of trans-p-anisalacetophenone. This reaction is an exception and we get away with it. P-anisaldehyde and acetophenone together only make one enolate. This helps our exception, but there are still two carbonyls. With our weak base, we should be worried about acetophenone reacting with itself but we are not. This is due to steric hindrance, like I stated earlier. Aldehydes are better electrophilic carbons and therefore the ketone will react with the aldehyde faster than reacting with itself. It will quickly form the product trans-p-anisalacetophenone because it is the favored product. We do not have to use expensive LDA, we can use the weaker base and get away with it.

The extraction of the p-tert-butylphenol was then carried out in the exact same fashion as the p-toulic acid, with the exception that the aqueous solution added to the remaining ether solution was 10 mL of 0.5M NaOH. The solution was mixed and the gas was in the funnel, along with the extraction of the aqueous layer three times into a clean and labeled 100-mL beaker. As in the previous step an addition of 5 mL of deionized water was used in the final extraction step. The extracted solution was also saved for later in the experiment as was the ether layer remaining in the separatory funnel.

group. The location of this hydroxyl functional group will impact the molecular structure of the

Discussion: In the synthesis of 1-bromobutane alcohol is a poor leaving group; this problem is fixed by converting the OH group into H2O, which is a better leaving group. Depending on the structure of the alcohol it may undergo SN1 or SN2. Primary alky halides undergo SN2 reactions. 1- bromobutane is a primary alkyl halide, and may be synthesized by the acid-mediated reaction of a 1-butonaol with a bromide ion as a nucleophile. The proposed mechanism involves the initial formation of HBr in situ, the protonation of the alcohol by HBr, and the nucleophilic displacement by Br- to give the 1-bromobutane. In the reaction once the salts are dissolved and the mixture is gently heated with a reflux a noticeable reaction occurs with the development of two layers. When the distillation was clear the head temperature was around 115oC because the increased boiling point is caused by co-distillation of sulfuric acid and hydrobromic acid with water. When transferring allof the crude 1-bromobutane without the drying agent,

1 ml of 2-methyl-2-butanol was measured using 1 ml syringe and transferred into a 5 ml conical vial. 2.5 ml of highly concentrated Hydrochloric acid was then slowly added while the vial was constantly swirled. After mixing alcohol with HCl the vial was capped with a screw cap and gently shaken for about 10

The products of interest within this experiment are 2-methyl-1-butene and 2-methyl-2-butene from sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid catalyzed dehydration of 2-methyl-2-butanol. The reaction mixture was then separated into its separate alkene components by steam distillation and then analyzed by gas chromatography (GC), Infrared Radiation (IR) spectroscopy, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) imaging. Gas chromatography is an analytical technique that is able to characterize if specific compounds exist in a reaction mixture, even if they are in low quantities, assess how much of a compound exists within a reaction mixture relative to other components within the sample, and determine the purity of an isolated product. In the case of this experiment, gas chromatography is used to analyze how pure the alkene reaction sample was and if any remnants of impurities or 2-methyl-2-butanol remained in the sample after isolation of alkene components.

The purpose of this lab is to understand the process of eliminating an alkyl halide to form an alkene. The experiment is carried out by first converting the alcohol, 2-methy-2-butanol, into the alkyl halide of 2-chloro-2-methylbutane that will then be put through dehydrohalogenation that favors elimination reaction (E2) to create a mixture of 2-methyl-2-butene and 2-methyl-1-butene. A fractional distillation will be taken to purify the mixture and an additional gas chromatography will be done to further analyze the mixture composition. A bromide test will be done to determine the product of an alkene in the experiment.

In this experiment were used three separation techniques: extraction, sublimation and recrystallization. During the first method, 0.70 g sample of salicylic acid-naphthalene mixture was dissolved in 10 ml of diethyl ether. The solution was placed in a separatory funnel and 10 ml of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution was added to it. After the initial gas was

A 0.5 g of sodium tungstate dihydrate was weighed and transferred into a 50-mL round-bottom flask with a magnetic stir bar. Approximately 0.6mL of Aliquat 336 was then transferred carefully into the round bottom flask using a 1mL syringe. The round bottom flask and its contents were then set up in an oil bath. 11mL of 30% hydrogen peroxide and 0.37 g of potassium bisulphate were added to the reaction mixture in the round bottom flask and stirred using a magnetic stirrer. Lastly, 2.5mL of cyclohexene was added using automatic dispenser and the mixture stirred. A condenser was fitted on the round bottom flask, clamped and attached to water horses. The reaction mixture was then heated on the oil bath and the reflux process initiated for an hour while stirring the mixture vigorously. Half way while rinsing, any trapped cyclohexene in the condenser was rinsed. After 1 hour, the round bottom flask was rinsed

Bromine is a naturally occurring element that is a liquid at room temperature. In it has a brownish-red color with a bleach-like odor and it dissolve in water. An found in bromine is a naturally in the earth’s crust and in seawater in various chemical form. Can also be found as an alternative to chlorine in swimming pool. Then some product containing bromine are used in agriculture and sanitation as an fire retardants.

Bromhexine is an expectorant [2,3]. It works by increasing mucus secretion and the volume of the sputum which is leading to a reduction of mucus viscosity [2,3]. Therefore, it aids in expectorating the phlegm