Rates Of Guildpox Vs. Guildford's TB Rate

It is know that the patient’s community or cultural group can have significant impact on a person’s health. Therefore, health care practitioners are faced with more challenges that include outside sources and they need to be willing to change their treatments to address the other sources.

Racial and ethnic disparities can be a touchy subject when talking among many circle of people, even so with some Caucasian sub-group.US Census reported that 1 in 4 Americans are of a race other than white; 1 in 3 children are African American, Hispanic, or Asian; and 1 in 10 people are of foreign-born. When majority dictated make all decisions and the minorities does not have any power. This cultural diversity can have inferences with our health care. Ethnic culture affects our beliefs, health, illness, and medications, as well as how we interact with our healthcare providers, and even how we comply with our prescribed medications, as well as mental health status (Cultural diversity and Medication Safety , 2003).

In 2014, 72% of TB cases were found among people born outside the UK. India, Pakistan and Somalia were the most frequent countries of birth for non-UK born cases, though rates among this group have decreased significantly over the last two years. This decrease in rates is also true in the non-UK born population as a whole. TB remains an illness that is associated with health inequality. People in deprived communities have rates of TB seven times higher than people in the least deprived areas. 34% of cases were found among people not in education or

A clear disparity in suicide exists among males and females. The CDC (2015), reports males four times more likely to commit suicide and represents 77% of all suicides. Females tend to develop suicidal thoughts and use passive methods of suicide such as overdoes or poisoning (CDC, 2015). To contrast, males will likely use a lethal method of suicide such and a gun shot to the head or hit by train (CDC, 2015).

Little was known about treatment and prevention of the disease at that time. It was not until 1953 that the United States began collecting data and reports on the 84,304 new cases of TB. This data could be used in research. TB was recognized as a preventable deadly disease, and a common goal to eradicate TB was adopted. Over the next 32 years, the new TB cases dropped 74%. By 1985, there were only 22,201 TB cases. History notes that law makers and public health officials became complacent and thought they had found the solution for eradicating TB. Resources for TB surveillance, prevention, and treatment options were reduced, while homeless numbers increased. This changed history as from 1985 to 1992 TB rates started to increase. Data collected from demographic regions and surveillance records show TB cases rose by 20% in those seven years to equal new 26,673 cases, and the estimated number of TB cases (old and new cases together) during that time was more than 64,000 cases. This was the last recorded peek in TB history. Since 1992, there has been a decrease of 67% in all TB cases. Studies reflect this decrease from 10.5 to 3.4 per 100,000 persons. Much credit for this continued decline is attributed to state and federal aid in addition to the state and local programs aimed at fighting TB and the helping the homeless population. Continued public education, proactive surveillance,

Amy, great presentation on TB. The presentation seemed to be very through and cover information about TB well. I appreciate this information. I used to float at the clinic that I work at and it was always intimidating when and individual would be coming into infectious disease for TB. I was not aware of the correlation between TB and AIDs, but it makes since. Many of the risk factors that you have listed did seem to be present with many of the patients that we saw for TB. Other groups that seem to have a high rate of TB are homeless people, immunocompromised individuals, and injection drug users. I was familiar with TB being more prevalent in immunocompromised individuals in general because when we gave routine immunocompromising medications a TB test had to be completed yearly. This is because Illinois and our county are at high risk.

There are multiple key components to providing a comprehensive cultural assessment. The first to consider is the patient’s biocultural variations and cultural aspects of the incidence of disease. A patient’s identified culture, ethnicity, and race can make a person more susceptible to certain diseases (Andrews & Boyle, 2016). The second component is communication. A patient’s preferred language should be identified, as well as his or her style of non-verbal language, and if an interpreter is needed (Andrews & Boyle, 2016). Third, the patient’s cultural affiliations should be identified. It is important to ask what culture the patient identifies with, and where the patient has lived throughout his or her life (Andrews & Boyle, 2016). The fourth concept is cultural sanctions and restrictions. This is information on the patient’s

Although ethnicity does relate to race, it is classified in a way that associates similar customs and traits of people. Broadly speaking, it’s a commonality of social and cultural heritage passed from generation to generation. Ethnicity gives the individual a sense of identity. Race, in contrast, is related to biological similarities; the specific and distinguishing bone structure, blood type and physical features that a particular race commonly shares. There may be underlying similarities due to the cultural and biological comparables supporting and highlighting the connection (Dowd, S., Giger, J., & Davidhizar, R., 1998). Giger & Davidhizar’s model addresses six observable but variable factors that have an effect on health care regardless of culture of the individual. These factors or phenomena as they are called; identify the existence of diversity between and within cultural groups (Tortumluoglu, 2006). This model proposes that every individual is culturally unique. The six phenomena are communication; space; social organization; time; environmental control; and biological variations.

It is also possible to vaccinate against tuberculosis and the BCG vaccination is the most widely used vaccine in the world and is an integral part of the WHO immunisation programme in third world countries, (Colston, 1997). However, despite this vaccine, tuberculosis is still prevalent and an endemic disease in many countries. Colson (1997) further states that whilst a trial in 50,000 British school children in the 1950s and 1960s found that it provided an efficacy of 80%, and it was this evidence that expanded the vaccination programme. Yet, despite this, evidence has been mixed showing that the vaccine is less effective in some ethnic groups such as Native Americans therefore in some parts of the world the vaccine is hardly used. This is further compounded by recent evidence from unsuccessful vaccine trials in Malawi and South India, in which tuberculosis is a prevelent disease and so an effective vaccine is essential and so other treatment methods must be found to control and

* Poverty -TB and poverty are closely related. Malnutrition, overcrowding, poor ventilation and sanitation factors associated with poverty increase both the risk of infection and probability of developing clinical disease. Poverty and TB form a vicious cycle. TB decreases a person’s work capacity and adds burden of

Since 1918, high prevalence of tobacco use has been identified as a risk factor for tuberculosis. (Webb G. B., 1918) It was much debated later and only recently the association has been given widespread attention by undertaking different kind of studies. Many studies have confirmed exposure to tobacco smoke as one of the risk factor for TB outcomes, after taking in to consideration, other confounder risk factors like socioeconomic status, alcohol use etc.

The host factors for tuberculosis includes poor nutrition, coexisting diseases, poor immunity. Compremised population are at high risk for communicable diseases. Infants, children who are longer time in schools, older adults are prone to get infected with communcable diseases like TB. According to WHO, vaccination for TB, in countries where the disease is common, is recommended. Bacille Calmette – Guerin (BCG) is effective in protecting small children from TB. BCG is not in use in The United States (NIH). Health care workers, police

This trend was not reflected with gender as, according to the same Public Health England (2014) report over half of the tuberculosis cases in 2013 were male.

1- A) Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium which mainly attacks the lungs. The surveillance report by the CDC concerning the updated counts starting 1993 and ending in 2013 showed that there was a decrease in the incident total count of Tuberculosis. However, a significant increase was seen among foreigners who have immigrated to the United States between 1993 and 2013 (CDC, 2013). Asians and Latin Americans are among the group that has seen an increase in cases of TB in the United States (CDC, 2013). This may be due to the process of immigration. From 1993 to 2013, the united States have seen an increase in people emigrating from these regions whether legally or illegally. Moreover, these people come from regions with high prevalence

Although anyone is susceptible to infection, there are certain factors that make people more likely to contract TB and develop the disease; these are referred to as ‘risk factors.’ Such factors are important in explaining differences in incidence and mortality rates across regions. Around 5-10% of infectious cases that go untreated will eventually see the infected person develop the disease.1 Individuals with immunosuppressive conditions, such as HIV/AIDS, are faced with weakened immune systems and thus are subject to increased risks of infection and disease.4 HIV coinfection is widely considered the most lethal risk factor for developing TB Disease; 13% of the individuals that developed the disease