Read the article: "Racial Profiling: A Survey of African American Police Officers"(Barlow & Barlow, 2002). Using concepts from chapters 1-6 as the basis for your analysis, in a narrative format of 750 or more words, summarize:
(a) the research problem,
(b) the literature review,
(c) data-gathering strategy,
(d) any hypotheses,
(e) the dependent and independent variable in one of the cause-effect relationships tested by the researchers,
(f) how the dependent and independent variable were operationalized,
(g) other variables that should have been measured and/or controlled, and
(h) the key findings and/or policy issues.
The research problem: This particular study was attempting to provide reliable data as to racial profiling by using black police officer from the Milwaukee Police Department. It was felt that that by using the officers, they would have institutional knowledge as well as first hand experiences as to racial profiling in their lives as well in the work environment (Barlow & Barlow, 2002).
The literature review: As part of the planning process Barlow & Barlow completed a literature review, which basic means a survey of important any articles, books and other sources that might have been important to their research topic which in this particular case was racial profiling (Hagan, 2010). Below is a list of the information that was reviewed and used and made part of this study: Bill of Rights for Black Men, polls conducted by the American Institute of
In the writers’ research, the questions asked under racial profiling included the aspects of the reality of racial profiling, if it happens in Wisconsin (location of study), the African American male stereotype, skin tone, the use of racial profiling and descriptions of specific cases (Barlow & Barlow, 2002).
Racial profiling impacts the lives of African Americans, Asians, Latinos, South Asians, and the Arab communities (Persistence of racial and ethnic profiling in the United States: a follow-up report to the U.N. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination 12). Profiling based on race stems from racism, and has lastingly marked and structured the society of the United States (10). In some aspects, it is considered a violation of human rights; therefore, acts then started to develop (12). For example, the United States introduced the Subsequent End of Racial Profiling Acts to Congress in 2004, 2005, 2007, and 2009, but they
This source discusses the topic of not the race of the citizens being suspected, but the one in question is the officer’s race and if it is one of the major factors pertaining to the problem of racial profiling. The authors’ main stance is that, although throughout history, the influence of race is certainly a factor in the citizens’ perceptions of the police; the influence of the race of the officer also plays as a major factor in police behavior when looking at the study’s results. A finding that the authors’ have discovered is that Black officers interact differently towards Black citizens compared to when White officers do, therefore maybe increasing the amount of Black officers would be better for the community. However, other authors
Muffler, S. (2006). Racial profiling: Issues, data, and analyses (pp. 32-33). New York: Nova Science.
One of the most imminent threats looming within American society is race relations. America is a melting pot of different races, cultures, and religions, yet the matter of racial profiling still remains prominent today. By definition it is considered “an activity carried out by enforcers of the law wherein they investigate or stop any individual in traffic or round up people of the same race or ethnicity for crime suspicion” (NYLN.org ). This profiling has become a significant catalyst in the tension that has been ensuing between minorities and the government. Hostility has grown due to the apparent and intentional targeting of “brown people”, and
Since the birth of our nation, racial profiling has been an issue longstanding and troubling among minority groups and still continues to exhibit severe consequences in communities.
On the other hand, some authors believe that racial profiling is very much known in society and it is widespread, According to the author there have been a study by the New York State Attorney General which was conducted in 1999 of the New York City Police Department’s “stop and frisk” practices of pedestrians found further evidence suggestive of racial profiling. The study found that although Blacks make up just 26% of the population, they accounted for 51% of all the
While explaining my research question I will be fully breaking down the research question of The consequences of racial profiling on the relationship between individuals and law enforcement departments. This issue I will be breaking in a couple different topics that will then be provided will a complete analysis of examples of literature that supports my issues I choosed to fully examine. These topics will be presented as, The use of racial profiling as an individual in a civilian society of the relationship between individuals and law enforcement departments
The National Institute of Justice (“Racial Profiling”) stated that racial profiling, which is a form of discrimination, racism, and stereotypes is when law enforcement, based on a person’s race, ethnicity, national origin, or religion targets a person for suspicion of crimes. Today people can turn on their television, go online, and even listen to their radios and they will hear about racial profiling. Racial profiling is not anything new and has been going on throughout history; it goes all the way back to slavery. Racial profiling has recently started being recorded, which is why it has become such a huge national issue today, because people can no longer ignore it. This issue is not specific to one race, religion, ethnicity, or national origin. People of many races, religions, ethnicities, or national origins have been affected by racial profiling for years since the start of this country, but one group that has been affected by racial profiling at a high rate is African Americans. The goal of this paper is to analyze this main group that has and still is being affected by racial profiling and acknowledge other groups that are being affected as well.
Racial profiling is simply, “the unlawful police practice of using race, color, or ethnic background, as the reason for conducting a traffic stop on an individual.” (Michigan Civil Rights Commission) This definition can be extended to any kind of discrimination mainly based on myths and stereotypes towards a certain race or ethnicity. However, the term racial profiling is commonly used when a police officer or any other law enforcer stops, questions, searches or arrests an individual purely on the basis of their race. African Americans or simply blacks have been the major racial group that has suffered much of racial profiling. Much of this is based on the stereotypes against the blacks are perceived as more likely to engage in criminal activities. For instance, in a 2013 Racial Profiling Data from Ferguson Police Department, out of 5384 police stops, 4632 were against blacks. (Ferguson Police Dept. 1) Despite the low population of blacks in U.S. compared to other races, the former continues being subjected to more racial profiling. Racial profiling against African Americans continues to expose the blacks to humiliation and racial injustices, as this paper will expose, thereby calling for the responsible authorities to address and find solutions for the problem.
Racial profiling has been in the news a lot lately with the deaths of black people such as Michael Brown and Eric Garner, both of whose deaths lead to public outroar, protests, and violent riots. Because of these and other deaths, people are beginning to open their eyes on the long standing issue. One of the first times that racial profiling was recognized as a problem was in the 1990’s with the beating of Rodney King. People were so upset when the officers were acquitted of their heinous crime that they started the most expensive riot in U.S. history, totaling over one billion dollars in damages.
Racial profiling isn’t something new to today’s society. Most recently there were incidents in which the officers were accused of mistreating blacks such as Michael Brown and Freddie Gray. “Racism versus professionalism: claims and counter-claims about racial profiling” written by Vic Satzewich and William Shaffir discusses racism versus professionalism with officers. Their argument is more biased towards the police force and they argue that it’s part of their job. “
A major issue that has been at the forefront of the topic of race in America is racial profiling. This practice of targeting individuals based on the individual’s race is not new and has been in use for many many years. However it has recently come to national attention with the killing of unarmed black teenagers by police officers. The issue of racial profiling not only highlights the lack of equality in America but the issue of policemen using excessive force when dealing with criminal activity.
Benjamin Todd Jealous once said, “Racial profiling punishes innocent individuals for the past actions of those who look and sound like them. It misdirects crucial resources and undercuts the trust needed between law enforcement and the communities they serve.”(Jealous, 2015). I couldn’t agree more with him. In today’s society more and more Black men and women suffer from police bias. Police is a powerful organization that was meant to serve and protect. Enforce laws and keeping communities safe. The problem is we fail to acknowledge that police are humans with real life bias. The problem with police is how much racial profiling is going up,
Just what is racial profiling? Racial profiling is a law enforcement and security agency practice that encourages officers to stop, search, and investigate people based on race, ethnicity, nationality or religion. While racial profiling is most commonly committed against ethnic minorities, many instances of racial profiling occur in reaction to specific crimes, making any racial or cultural group subject to more intensive scrutiny by the authorities. (ebscohost.com) This is what I think bout racial profiling, it like it occurs when the police targets someone for investigation on the basis of that person's race, national origin, or ethnicity. Examples are the use of race to determine which drivers to stop for minor traffic