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Rheumatoid Arthritis(RA) is the most common type of autoimmune arthritis. RA is a progressive and debilitating musculoskeletal disorder that affects the joints symmetrically, causing a range of systemic effects. What it causes is still not well known; nevertheless, findings of new research points towards a believe that it is triggered by a defective immune system, which causes the release of inflammatory chemicals. These chemicals cause damage to cartilage and bone, usually affecting the wrists, the joints of the hand, including the knuckles, the middle joints of the fingers and feet. While this condition can affect any joints, besides, important body organs such as the eyes and the lungs can also be affected by the inflammation that occurs as a result of this chronic condition. Only in America 1.3 million of people are affected by this ailment, and 75 % of them are mainly women. Its onset usually occurs between fourth and sixth decades; however, RA can occur at any age("Diseases And

In 1587, A group of colonists were sent by Sir Walter Raleigh to Roanoke Island in hopes of permanently settling. John White, the governor of this new colony, traveled back to England to gather resources. The Anglo-Spanish war delayed White’s return to Roanoke Island until 1590. Upon his arrival to the Island, White had discovered that everything had disappeared except for the bones of one unidentified man and the word “CROATOAN” carved into a tree. This colony is now known as the Lost Colony of Roanoke and there have been many theories as to what happened to the colonists.

Arthritis affects over 10 million people in the UK alone. There are over 200 types with the main types being osteoarthritis and rheumatoid. Osteoarthritis, the most common form suffered by 8.5 million in the UK, is a wasting of connective tissue between bones. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), although less common, is more severe and accounts for less than 10% of arthritis sufferers in the UK (NHS UK, 2012). It is a painful condition causing swelling, damaging bone and cartilage around joints. Its progression and severity vary greatly between individuals but it can cause serious disability, having a huge impact on ability to carry out tasks in everyday life. For this

Around 70% of arthritis sufferers in the UK have rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Women are also more likely to develop RA than men, and commonly affects adults between ages 50 and 60. This condition is characterised by an insidious onset of pain, swelling of joints and morning stiffness. Arthritis is caused by inflammation of the synovial tissue of the joints, supposedly triggered by the presence of autobodies such as rheumatoid factors. The first line treatment for RA is a combination of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD). These slow down the progression of RA and treatment typically includes methotrexate in combination with another DMARD (e.g. sulphasalazine). Short term glucocorticoids are also used with DMARDS to manage flares of inflammation. Anti-TNF drugs

In Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel, The Scarlet Letter, he asserts that one can never escape the consequences of their actions. Therefore, Arthur Dimmesdale, a priest cannot escape his sin of adultery with Hester Prynne. Thus, he finds himself being sought out by Roger Chillingworth, Hester’s husband, and Dimmesdale leads to his own demise. Chillingworth finds himself not guilty of Dimmesdale’s death due to the priest's own self sabotage. Dimmesdale sees himself as a loyal preacher of God therefore his inability to forgive himself has caused him great harm and sickness.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic syndrome that is characterized by inflammation of the peripheral joints, but it may also involve the lungs, heart, blood vessels, and eyes. The prevalence of this autoimmune disease is between 0.3% to 1.5% of the population in the United States (Feinberg, pp 815). It affects women two to three times more often than men, and the onset of RA is usually between 25 and 50 years of age, but it can occur at any age (Reed, pp 584). RA can be diagnosed by establishing the presence of persistent joint pain, swelling in a symmetric distribution, and prolonged morning stiffness. RA usually affects multiple joints, such as the hands, wrists, knees, elbows, feet, shoulders, hips, and small

Rheumatoid Arthritis, which is abbreviated as (RA), by definition, is an inflammatory immune-mediated defect. In developed countries, its prevalence is about 0.5 to 1%. It is a serious disease whose effects can at times lead to permanent disability. Some of the effects include bone erosion, articular destruction and chronic synovial inflammation, which results in functional decline and disability. The Introduction of effective and efficient intervention has been put in place to reduce joint damage and functional impairment.

If ones doctor suspects RA they may perform blood test to check for protein in the blood (This is present in about 2 in 3 people with RA. However, about 1 in 20 of the normal population has rheumatoid factor), and x-rays of the hands and feet may be done to detect any early deformations of the joints. If an individual’s doctor suspects that they may have RA, they usually will refer the patient to a rheumatologist who specialize in the joints and this type of disease. There is no cure for RA, but proper treatment for RA can make a big difference in reducing symptoms and to improve quality of life. Some of the main aims of treatment are: to decrease the disease from progressing to prevent joint damage, to reduce pain and stiffness in the affected joints, to minimize any disability caused by pain, joint damage, or deformities. A common medication prescribed for RA are disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDS) such as methotrexate, sulfasalazine, and hydroxychloroquine. This can be with medication such as steroids, NSAIDS, and often times will treat with pain killers because the pain is so intense. Eating a healthy diet and excising is always

Due to the irreversible damage that occurs in RA, there is a need to improve the identification and diagnosis of early RA. The primary serological tests for RA used to be assays detecting rheumatoid factor; however, nowadays ACPA assays are being used clinically. The most widely known autoantibody is the rheumatoid factor (RF). These IgM autoantibodies are directed against the Fc portion of IgG molecules. RF can be detected in about 75% of RA patients; however, it is also found in the healthy elderly population (5). Thus, it is not very specific. In addition, false positive RF results occur in patients with chronic infections and other rheumatic and inflammatory

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease that is characterised by the inflammation of the joints, often accompanied by deformities. Moreover, rheumatoid arthritis is a gradual condition, developing over several months and years. Furthermore, diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis the moment its symptoms appear is vital for its treatment and prevention. Considering the fact that rheumatoid arthritis has no exact cause and no known cure, many people are participating in rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials.

An author of Puritan descent, Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the knowledge he has about the position of women in Puritan society to communicate the flaws of their religion driven community. In the Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne seems to imply, on many occasions, that there is no such thing as a conventional description of a woman. He seems to insinuate that being a different woman, a pioneer like Hester, Mrs. Hibbins, or the young unnamed women of this novel is not an inferior position and by doing so criticizes some of the key elements of the moral code of Puritan society. In puritan society religion was vital to the development of their moral codes, ethics and values. Church and state were united and thus, sins in the Bible were

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a very common disease associated with aging, which affects the mobility of an individual. RA is a disabling disease, which makes an individual cannot perform his/her daily tasks and exercises which is vital to our health. Patients who suffer from RA have high risk to have cardiovascular diseases (CVD) such as myocardial infarction and cardiac death than those without RA. Early detection of the RA, and the possibility to have CVD in the later period is a must to give medications and physical motor interventions.

In general Arthritis describes that inflammation that occurs in the joints which can be warmth, redness, pain and/or selling. RA is an ongoing type of arthritis, the symmetric involvements of joints differentiates RA from other arthritis types. normally when one side is effected the other side most likely is also effected such as both knees, hand or/and wrists. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis suffer from Joint pain, stiffness, fatigue etc which can effect their quality of life. In addition to medications clinicians must educate patients on Non-pharmacologic approaches to aid in relief such as the following

Diagnostics to help determine this disorder would first be getting an x-ray done, a (ESR) erythrocyte sedimentation rate can be done to determine if there is any inflammation and in this case there would be an increase in the (ESR), also a (RF) rheumatoid factor is performed, this is a blood test to determine how much RF antibody is in the blood which is very helpful to determine if you have RA or an autoimmune disease, if there is an increase then there is most likely a chance of knowing that you have rheumatoid arthritis (MedlinePlus, 2013).

In 2015, the ACR conducted a systematic review of the literature evaluating the benefits and risks of treatment options and established a guideline for initiating treatments for early diagnosed RA patients defined as having RA symptoms or the disease for less than six months and for established RA patients defined as having RA symptoms or the disease for greater than six months or having met the 1987 ACR RA classification (Singh et al., 2016). Physicians should not consider the guidelines as prescriptive but a tool for discussion with the patient to determine an appropriate treatment course considering the patient’s wishes and the decision should be shared between the physician and the patient (Singh et al., 2016). Treatment strategies are based on each RA patient and are dependent upon disease severity and tolerance of medications. Typically, a RA patient