Quality Data Characteristics

US Congress created the Hipaa bill in 1996 because of public concern of how their private information was being used. It is the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, which Congress created to protect confidentiality, privacy and security of patient information. It was also for health care documents to be passed electronically. Hipaa is a privacy rule, which gives patients control over their health information. Patients have to give permission any healthcare provider can disclose any information placed in the individual’s medical records. It helps limit protected health information (PHI) to minimize the chance of inappropriate disclosure. It establishes national-level standards that healthcare providers must comply with and strictly investigates compliance related issues while holding violators to civil or criminal penalties if they violate the privacy of a person’s PHI. Hipaa also has boundaries for using and disclosing health records by covered entities; a healthcare provider, health plan, and healthcare clearinghouse. It also supports the cause of disclosing PHI without a person’s consent for individual healthcare needs, public benefit and national interests. The portability part of Hipaa guarantees patients health insurance to employees after losing a job, making sure health insurance providers can’t discriminate against people because of health status or pre-existing condition, and keeps their files safe while being sent electronically. The Privacy

I was also directed from Google.co.uk to a number of personal and private blogs and forums that satisfied my search criteria. All these Web 2.0 tools greatly assisted me in completing my task and equipping me with the knowledge to do these again in future. “Web 2.0” is a term coined by Tim O’Reilly in 1999 to describe non – written script web pages. They allow me to improve my knowledge base and develop working understanding of IT systems through the use of Blogs, podcasts and Videos.

A process within healthcare that has changed as a result of HIPAA is medical information security. The laws have been tightened more. Privacy audits can be done with covered entities if they have had complaints, or even if there have been none. In the event of high-profile incidents, privacy audits can be done also. The privacy rule has also changes as a result. The privacy rule affects 3 different situations in which private health information is handled, use, disclosure, and request. Because of the minimum necessary standard, healthcare providers and covered entities have to limit the use, disclosure, and requests to only the amount of information necessary to complete this.

HIPAA has given patients the legal right to not only see and copy their medical records, but it also gave them the ability to correct the information as well. It has made it so that an employer can’t use a current employees or future employee’s healthcare information against them. Insurance providers can no longer stop patients from receiving insurance based on pre-existing conditions. The laws set in place by HIPAA has had both a positive

“The HIPAA Privacy Rule establishes national standards to protect individuals’ medical records and other personal health information and applies to health plans, health care clearinghouses, and those health care providers that conduct certain health care transactions electronically. The Rule requires appropriate safeguards to protect the privacy of personal health information, and sets limits and conditions on the uses and disclosures that may be made of such information without patient authorization. The Rule also gives patients the rights over their health information, including rights to examine and obtain a copy of their health records, and to request corrections.”

The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) indicates that HIPAA violations have been generally increasing throughout the years. Now that electronically maintained patient information exists, it has become increasingly difficult to limit information sharing in a manner that guarantees usage for its intended genesis. Personal information travels across several channels, to include healthcare providers, third party payers, and other business associates. Few controls exist to regulate how this information is maintained, or disseminated. If state law or local legislation does not forbid accessing patient health records or sharing patient information, any information held by a provider or business associate could be passed

For years the government is being struggling to protect patients information, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was enacted by the United States Congress in 1996. Title II of HIPAA defines policies, procedures and guidelines for maintaining the privacy and security of individually identifiable health information as well as outlining numerous offenses relating to health care and sets civil and criminal penalties for violations. However, the most significant provisions of Title II are its Administrative Simplification rules, requiring the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to draft rules aimed at increasing the efficiency of the health care system by creating standards for the use and dissemination of health care information.

An ISDMA will summarize and analyse data in order to identify any problems with the data and determine the availability of appropriate data (Becerra-Fernandez & Sabherwal 2014). It is only after this stage has occurred, that an ISDMA will decide whether data qualifies for information or not. This stage in knowledge management is crucial for accentuating the validity of data sources by shedding light on important matters. McInerney and Koenig (2011) note that summarizing and analysing data also plays an important role in data quality evaluation by identifying data quality issues.

In the last several years, a number of new technologies associated with the World Wide Web emerged. The term Web 2.0 is widely used to refer to these technologies that reflect substantial changes in the traditional model of how content for the Web is created and consumed (O'Reilly, 2005). What differentiates these technologies from previous aspects of the Web is the social interaction that is involved, the ability of users to create and disseminate content, the ability of the users to rate and "tag" content, and the free availability to anyone with Internet access (Freedman, 2006). Names of some specific technologies associated with Web 2.0 include flickr™, MySpace©, facebook©, Blogger™, Wikipedia, podcasts, steve.museum, and YouTube™,

While Web 2.0 innovations offer many focal points as far as advancing the Internet and enhancing the client encounter, they are additionally bringing various security concerns and assault vectors into reality. Since one

Completeness is characterized by the presence, absence, and meaning of null values in the data tables (Batini & Scannapieca, 2006). Uniqueness refers to the data item recorded without duplication. The dimension of timeliness measures how data represent reality from a particular point in time. Data consistency shows that a data item is the same in multiple data sets or databases. Validity refers to data that conforms to the correct syntax for its definition (DAMA UK, 2013). Once the data quality assessment is completed, proof of concept can be developed.

The internet was originally intended to be an information portal (Discover Kids). It was a way that people could find out information (Discover Kids). People were given the opportunity to find information, but could not comment, provide feedback or post reviews (Discover Kids).This is a one way information tool. Web 2.0 allows web users and sites to interact with each other. Web 2.0 encourages participation, collaboration, and information sharing. This is a two way communication tool. Some examples of Web 2.0 applications are Youtube, Wiki and Facebook (Discover Kids).

Through applying this framework, they noticed that Reliability, Efficiency and Usability were the quality attributes most impacted by the limitations in the mobile environment. The degrees of influence of each quality attributes are shown in Figure

Born in 2003 after the dot.com crash or 2001, one of its fathers Tim O 'Reilly has this to ‎say about Web 2.0 marking its year and a half birthday. "Web 2.0" has clearly taken hold, with ‎more than 9.5 million citations in Google. But there 's still a huge amount of disagreement about ‎just what Web 2.0 means, with some people decrying it as a meaningless marketing buzzword, ‎and others accepting it as the new conventional wisdom." (O 'Reilly, 2005) Born out of ‎necessity,

Data Integrity – accuracy and consistency of stored data, indicated by an absence of any alterations and free from any authorized change.