1. Lightbrown & Spada examined the influence of form-focused instruction and corrective feedback on communicative teaching. What has previous research on this topic indicated? What do we learn about this important topic based on their results and conclusions?
As Lightbrown and Spada(1990) suggested that language teaching went through a major change from focusing explicitly on teaching of language to teaching language in use. Language used to be taught through its grammar, then the focus shifted to interaction and meaning. Krashen came with the idea of teaching language naturally as young children do in their L1. Savingnon (1972) was one of the first researchers who stated the greatness of communicative way of teaching. He found that the
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A Good quote that shows that importance of social factor in language learning is:
Remove a learner from the social setting, and the L2 grammar does not change or disappear. Change the social setting altogether, e.g., from street to classroom, or from a foreign to a second language environment, and, as far as we know, the way the learner acquires does not change much either, as suggested, e.g., by comparisons of error types, developmental sequences, processing constraints, and other aspects of the acquisition process in and out of classrooms... (Long 1998:93).
Language surrounding is as important as the language itself. To elaborate the issue, for example we know the level of a person through his or her language therefore, language is a representation for its users, culture , place and many more.
Tarone proposed two questions:
1-Remove the L2 learner from the social setting: Does the IL grammar change?
2- Change the social setting altogether: Will the way the learner acquires L2 change much?
Social context will have its effect on language learners, From pidgin and Creole lecture, the language of African were describe as being lower class language because it was for White but from a lower class community. Academic language is different from general language. Moreover, in some fields active voice is used more than passive and vice versa. This issue is highly scrutinized by ESL researchers. Swales (1990) is the best example for exploring
For the past twelve years, COM 434 Radio/TV Practicum has gone through many changes, but the learning that goes on in the classroom and in the television studio remains the same. The Calumet Roundtable is a unique class, giving students a real world experience in the field of television production. The organizational communication of this course has shifted throughout the semester each teaching individuals various lessons: having inadequate note for your superior or talent is going to affect the outcome; hiding information from your supervisors is never a beneficial thing because it reflects negatively on them; abusing your power is unethical for personal gain; and every leader has different personality and unique managing styles. Considering
The Roaring Twenties, as they were known, were a time of scandal and mayhem in America. From the hilariously obeyed Prohibition to the new roles of women, the twenties were the personification of a rebellious teenager. It comes to no surprise then that one of the most infamous authors of the twenties, F. Scott Fitzgerald, wrote mainly one that rebelliousness. In his short story, The Jelly-bean, Fitzgerald describes the life of one of those very teenagers.
Language is an essential part of our daily lives. Language is used to communicate with other people to meet our needs and satisfy our understandings. Everyone uses one language or another. Some have an advantage and are able to use
Language is an extremely important part of culture, but also spreads, develops, and changes over time. Language is a part of culture and can be used to define a culture. Language can be diffused in many ways. Today there are thousands of languages that are constantly being spoken and spread around the world. An example would be Singapore or South Africa. Singapore and South Africa are two completely different countries located in completely different parts of the world, yet both of their official languages is English. Languages can be spread and changed over
In the article, “The Nine Commandments,” David Noel Freedman unveils a connection between the ten commandments and the first nine books of the Bible. If Judges and Ruth are considered one book, and 1st and 2nd Samuel and Kings are each held as one book like they would have been in the Hebrew Bible, then there are nine books that make up the Primary History. Freedman discusses how each one of these books lends itself to one of the ten commandments and how Israel broke it. After the ten were all broken, then Israel and Judah are carted away into exile.
The stock market has always intrigued me and I have since been eager to learn more about it. Starting back in January of this year, I ordered three textbooks on stock trading to become more informed on the subject. After reading these books, I gained further insight on stock trading which led me to open my own brokerage account where I could buy and sell stocks. I started by playing a stock simulation which was very similar in concept to StockTrak, a program we used in this class. I found that this helped provide me with a hands on experience which helped familiarize me with stock trading and learning how to manage and use my money efficiently. I continued to play this simulation for about two months and during this time my portfolio grew about 4%, which provided me a confidence boost and motivated me to invest in my real money into the stock market. In March of 2015, I officially began trading in the stock market and I continued to learn along the way. As of now, I have roughly nine months of stock trading experience. As stated previously, I have always had in interest in the stock market, but I never acted upon it until as recently as earlier this year. My interest in the stock market was peaked because I enjoy taking risks and the stock market
Language is the tool that can create nations as well as divide culture, countries, and people. The use of language is important in establishing identities. For people like Anzaldua it can strengthen an identity while for people Fanon mentioned it strips a person of their identity and replaces it with the superior language and culture. Language is constantly changing and expanding, which in turn causes identities, cultures, and nations to change and expand as
An Effective Communicator is someone who develops effective communication skills in reading, writing, listening, and speaking. They also develop communication skills appropriate to the setting and the audience. To me, an effective communicator would be someone who can demonstrate their point to the person or audience they’re talking to. Communication is the key and first step to make things clear. Therefore, Communication skills will help you get through many challenges in many ways.
The language is defined as “human communication through the use of spoken or written words,” but that definition must include that language is also a cultural identity – “the fact of being who or what a person or thing is”. In other words, the language provides information about your roots; it is one of the most valuable resources to communicate with your mother culture.
Language is the main means in which we are able to express our needs, thoughts, feelings, beliefs and desires through words, gestures, and symbols; it allows us to communicate, connect and create relationships with others. It is also a vehicle for asserting our culture. Culture is made up of the characteristics of particular groups of people and can be expressed through religion, social habits, food, arts, and language. Our cultural heritage influences all aspects of our lives and shapes how we use language to interact with and interpret the world around us. It is through this critical lens that the interdependence of culture and language becomes clear: culture is expressed through language and language is influenced by culture. Taking this knowledge into account, it is obvious that the successful learning a new language must include a growing familiarity with its culture to provide a holistic and valuable understanding. Although it is not necessary to comprehend a culture to employ the mechanics of a language and speak it, meaningful communication in the language is limited in many ways by cultural knowledge and understanding.
As teachers is it pressingly important that they should have a strong knowledge and understanding of language and how to develop it for their students as language needs to be developed for themselves but also the knowledge that it can be different for all.
Juliana Chan, in one of her articles published on CULTURE, SOCIETY AND THE STATE IN ASIA forum says, “The primary function of languages is undoubtedly to facilitate interaction among people who may or may not come from different cultural background.”
The theoretical framewok that informed my instructional design for developing my students ' communicative competency in Spanish is the work of Helena Anderson Curtain and Carol Ann Dahlberg "Languages and Children, Making the Match (2004)" which "...emphasize the importance of a thematic center to support comprehension, providing a context to involve students in use of the target language". Their theory links to my planning and instructions as I use a thematic center on health to achieve the learning objectives and allow students to engage in conversations. My instructional design is also inform by the Howard Gardener 's theory on multiple intelligences (Gardner, Howard. Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. New York: Basic, 1983. Print.) which postulates that students learn information through a variety of sensory modalities. My theoretical framework is also inform by the dual-coding theory developed by Mark Sadoski and Allan Paivio (Sadoski, Mark, and Allan Paivio. Imagery and Text: A Dual Coding Theory of Reading and Writing. Mahwah, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates, 2001. Print.) as well as the Total Physical Response (TPR) teaching method developed by Professor James Asher (Asher, James. James Asher 's Total Physical Response [TPR]. Print.) and Stephen Krashen’s theory of comprehensible input i+1 (Krashen, Stephen "Stephen Krashen 's Theory of Second Language Acquisition" 2007. Print.) Based on these theoretical frameworks I will plan my instruction so that it
In this essay we will look at different perspectives of language viewed as an object devoid of the social context of its creation and use. However, language becomes truly meaningful only when it’s combined with human interaction. We will also be analysing the socio-cultural understanding of language and the socio-linguistic definition of language. The effects of language as a socio-cultural phenomenon and the implications for teaching language in the class
Taking this lead, we developed lessons that invited students to apply their intuitive knowledge and