Protein Chain Reaction Lab Report

Proteins are important for the human body. Proteins play many important roles in the body including the structure of enzymes; these are important proteins that help reactions occur in the body, such as releasing from the food we eat. Proteins also function as transport proteins such as hemoglobin; an iron

The optimum pH level would be pH 7. This is because this is where the highest amount of enzyme activity is taking place.

Enzymes are catalysts that function to speed up reactions; for example, the enzyme sucrose speeds up the hydrolysis of sucrose, which breaks down into glucose and fructose. They speed up reactions but are not consumed by the reaction that is taking place. The most important of the enzyme is the shape as it determines which type of reaction the enzyme speeds up. Enzymes work by passing/lowering and energy barrier and in doing so; they need to bind to substrates via the active. Once they do, the reaction speeds up so much more quickly than it would without the enzyme. Coenzymes and cofactors aid the enzyme when it comes to binding with the substrate. They change the shape of the active site so the substrate can bind properly and perform its function.

The focus of this lab was to identify which plasmid (PFG or Pglo) was inserted into the E. coli culture. In order for the E. coli to be transformed, the E.coli must first be made competent. The cells were made competent by incubating the cells in calcium (2+) and then in cold temperatures. A quick heat shot opens pores in the cell membrane and allowed plasmid DNA to enter the cells. The plasmid that was inserted into the E. coli culture had antibiotic-reistance gene and a reporter gene. A reporter gene is a gene that is easy to detect, and for this lab it could be Pglo or PFG. The cells were placed in plates that contained antibiotics to kill any bacteria that did not uptake the plasmid, this is necciary because about 1% of bacteria will be transformed. This allowed only cells that up took the DNA to

Purpose To determine the temperature at which the potatoes catabolic enzymes breakdown H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) the fastest. Hypothesis If the temperature of the H2O2 is 35.7 degrees Celsius, then it will break down the fastest because that is the temperature enzymes work in the human body Materials -Ice Bath -Observation

Enzymes are molecules that accelerate the rate of a reaction through the lowering of the activation energy necessary to perform the reaction without their presence. Depending on the environment that the enzyme is in, determines how efficient the enzyme will be in accelerating the reaction. Factors such as pH and temperature play a role on the enzyme’s efficiency and overall success of the reaction. For example, having a high temperature can break apart non-covalent interactions within proteins—the most common form of an enzyme. The breaking down of these bonds would result in the enzyme having a conformational change that does not allow the substrate to fit into its active site. In our experiment, we used the enzyme cellobiase in order to study

The objective of this experiment was to observe the transformation occurrence with E.coli and the ampicillin resistance gene.When plasmids like lux or pUC18 are added in E.coli, they are more likely to survive in certain environments that contain antibiotics. Plasmid can carry genes enabling bacteria like E.coli to survive in harsh conditions. This experiment displayed how plasmid work when inserted in E.coli with and without ampicillin. In certain agar plates, ampicillin was added with either the lux plasmid or the pUC18 plasmid resulting in colony growth. In other agar plates, no ampicillin was added when either the lux plasmid or the pUC18 plasmid was added resulting in colony growth. If growth occurred from the bacteria when it was added in the Ampicillin agar plates, then it was determined that the E.coli was transformed successfully and is expressing the Ampicillin resistant genes.

important role because every living organism needs proteins in order to speed up the biochemical

How do enzymes work? 1. Overview Enzymes are remarkably efficient in mediating biochemical reactions, as catalysts of numerous metabolic processes. Increasing the rate of reactions by 103 up to 1020 times faster than an uncatalyzed process, enzymes selectively bond to reactants (substrates) by their active site and direct them into the correct pathways.

Enzymes are molecules, usually proteins which speed up the rate of chemical reactions within cells. They aid in digestion and metabolism and are vital for life. Some types of enzymes help to break down larger molecules into smaller pieces so that they can be absorbed easily. Other enzymes help to bind two molecules together which then produces a different molecule. A specific enzyme only works for a specific reaction (Science, 2014).

The objective of this lab experiment was to objectively examine the rate of catalase enzyme activity through the manipulation of concentration levels temperature, and pH levels, interpret what was observed and learned, and to explain what enzymes are and what they do through the use of the scientific method. February 5, 2015 Introduction An enzyme is a protein created by an organism that increases the rate at which chemical reactions occur. There are three different types of enzymes; digestive, metabolic, and food.

Proteins can be described according to their large range of functions. The first function is antibodies. Proteins formed antibodies that help prevent infection or disease in the body. They often work in conjunction with the other immune system cells. For example, these antibodies identify and then surround antigens in order to keep them contained until they can be destroyed by white blood cells. The next function is enzymes. Enzymes carry almost thousands of chemical reactions that place in the cells. They assist with the formation of new molecules by reading the genetic information of the DNA. The third function is transport of molecules. This is a major element in the transport of specific molecules. For example, the haemoglobin is a protein

Protein purification is a process that can be employed to separate a single protein from a larger starting material which may be anything from an organ to a cell. Isolating a purified protein from a larger fraction enables further analysis such as determination of amino acid sequence, potential biological function, and even evolutionary relationship. (Cuatrecasas 1970) In this experiment, the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase will be purified, this enzyme is found extensively in human cells and catalyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvate, an essential part in energy production. LDH is a key part of anaerobic energy production especially within glycolysis in which LDH catalyzes the conversion of the reverse reaction, pyruvate to lactate, generating NAD+ from NADH, reproducing the oxidized form of the coenzyme which can be used for oxidative respiration. (Markert 1963) Due to the fact that number of purification steps correlates with the purity of the protein multiple purification techniques will be used to isolate a pure form of LDH. LDH will be isolated from a larger “cytosol” fraction collected from a homogenized rat liver in a previous fractionation exercise. Of the procedures that will be used to isolate and purify proteins from a larger fractionate are a set of techniques collectively known as chromatography. These techniques all have the same premise, in that they consist of a stationary phase, also known as the

Enzymes are catalytic proteins that accelerate the rate of biological reactions while experiencing no permanent chemical modification as a result of their participation in a reaction. In order to initiate a reaction from a reactant called a substrate to a product, a certain amount of energy, otherwise known as the activation energy, is required. An enzyme functions by lowering the required activation energy (which is usually provided by heat), thus, expediting the reaction. Many chemical reactions happen very slowly, without the help of enzymes some reactions could take up to 3 billion years to occur. Enzymes increase the rate of reactions by a factor up to 1017 times, allowing the chemical reactions that make life possible to take place at

Enzymes are proteins which control biochemical reactions. Liver and potatoes contain an enzyme called catalase that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into the products water and oxygen. We learned that enzymes are specific to substrates in activity 1. The liver, which was the enzyme, only reacted strongly with one substrate, hydrogen peroxide. The liver also had a very weak reaction with carbonic acid.