Pramipexole Research Paper

Texas Legislature passed the first Texas Pharmacy Act in 1907 in order to bring consistency and centralization to pharmacy practice regulation. The Act established the Texas State Board of Pharmacy as an independent state regulatory board responsible for the licensing or registration of Texas pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and pharmacies. Its mission is to promote, preserve, and protect the public health, safety, and welfare by promoting the development of quality pharmaceutical care to the citizens of Texas through there regulation of the practice of pharmacy, operation of pharmacies, and distribution of prescription drugs in the public interest. The Board consist of eleven members appointed by the governor with the approval of the Senate

The elevated striatal dopamine levels induced by rasagiline-dependent MAO-B inhibition has been correlated to improvements in PD motor symptoms in both monotherapy and adjunctive therapy studies. The TEMPO (TVP-2012 in Early Monotherapy for Parkinson’s Disease Outpatients) study, a 26-week, randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial observed the efficacy of rasagiline as a monotherapy for 404 early PD patients. Efficacy of rasagiline was quantified using the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), a rating scale used to measure the progression of PD by scoring four primary categories of symptoms: mentation, behavior and mood; activities of daily living; motor examination; and complications of therapy. Higher UPDRS scores correspond to greater severity of disease with the maximum possible score of 199 points representing total disability. The patients in the TEMPO trial had a mean baseline UPDRS score of 25 points and were subsequently divided into three groups: 1 mg rasagiline qd, 2 mg rasagiline qd or placebo. At the end of the trial period, compared with the placebo group, the average change in total UPDRS score was -3.56 for the 2 mg rasagiline group and -4.20 for the 1 mg rasagiline group. Of the four UPDRS categories, the greatest change was observed in the motor examination sub-scale with a mean change of -2.71 for the 1 mg rasagiline group and -1.68 for the 2 mg rasagiline group. This reduction in UPDRS score, especially with regards to

Sayer begins to consider LDOPA as a possible cure for the patients. Sayer considers LDOPA due to its reputation as a “miracle drug” in Parkinson’s patients. LDOPA functions as a precursor to the catecholamines dopamine, epinephrine, and norepineprine and, as a precursor, serves to treat Parkinson’s patients by increasing their levels of dopamine.

Methaqualone, is also referred to as Disco Biscuits, Down And Dirties, Jekyll-and-Hyde, Joe Fridays, Lemmon 714, Lemons, Lennon's, Lovers, Ludes, Mandies, Mandrake, Q, Qua, Quack, Quad, Quaaludes, Soaper, Supper, Vitamin Q, The Love Drug, Wallbangers, Whore Pills, and Sopor. This list of street names for the drug goes on and on.

Since it is already known that Parkinsons is a neurodegerative disorder but the etiology is uncertain as regards what exactly can contribute to its original progression the need for Parkinson induced models is critical. 6-Hyroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is a compound specifically designed to determine the molecular mechanisms of neuronal death. 6-OHDA is the most widely used neurotoxin for both in vivo and in vitro studies to model the common Parkinson trait of nigral degeneration. 6-OHDA is a synthetic hydroxylated analogue compound of the normal endogenous neurotransmitter dopamine. The very first biological effects of 6-OHDA were demonstrated by (Porter et al., 1963) and (Stone et al., 1963) however the compound was first isolated in 1959 by Senoh (Senoh and Witkop, 1959).

Naproxen (Naprosyn) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) used to treat joint pain. M.H. was previously prescribed Naproxen to reduce the bilateral wrist pain and associated inflammation. Naproxen is mainly used to reduce inflammation, stiffness, and pain. NSAIDs block the formation of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are involved in the body’s normal function and inflammatory response. Proteins, Cox-1 and Cox-2, control these prostaglandins. Cox-1 controls the formation of the prostaglandins involved in the normal function of the body’s organs. Cox-2 controls the formation of the prostaglandins involved in the body’s inflammatory response. By preventing the body from producing prostaglandins, NSAIDs reduce swelling and pain.

The non-ergot dopamine agonist pramipexole is currently indicated for the treatment of the signs and symptoms of idiopathic Parkinson's disease and for the treatment of moderate-to-severe primary restless legs syndrome. A new extended-release formulation of pramipexole has now also been launched in Europe and the US to improve ease of use, compliance and provide a more continuous therapeutic effect over 24 hours. Before initiating any treatment, the benefit-risk ratio to the individual patient must be considered. For pramipexole in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, this means taking into account the available evidence regarding its symptomatic efficacy, effect on delaying long-term levodopa-related motor complications, beneficial effect

Parkinson’s disease is a “neurodegenerative disorder of the basal nuclei due to insufficient secretion of the neurotransmitter dopamine” (Marieb & Hoehn, 2013, p. G-17). The cause of Parkinson’s disease is unknown, but many factors play a role in the development of Parkinson’s disease. One factor that has been found in an individual who has Parkinson’s disease causes over activity of targeted dopamine-deprived basal nuclei. This over activity is caused by the breakdown of neurons that release dopamine in the substantia nigra (Marieb & Hoehn, 2013). Another factor that is present in a person who has Parkinson’s disease, is the presence of lewy bodies in the brain stem ("What is lbd?," 2014). Lewy bodies are unusual

Many prescription drugs taken orally are absorbed in the small intestine. The amount of medication that reaches the bloodstream depends on how much is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract.

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized mainly by physical and psychological disabilities. This disorder was named after James Parkinson, an English physician who first described it as shaking palsy in 1817 (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). Jean- Martin Charcot, who was a French neurologist, then progressed and further refined the description of the disease and identified other clinical features of PD (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). PD involves the loss of cells that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine in a part of the brain stem called the substansia nigra, which results in several signs and symptoms (Byrd, Marks, and Starr, 2000). It is manifested clinically by tremor,

Many people have probably heard of Parkinson’s disease, as is it is a relatively common disease, however little know what the disease is, and how it affects your body. Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive, and degenerative disease and what it does, is affect the nerve cells in the brain that produce dopamine. Dopamine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, and is responsible for balancing acetylcholine. Acetylcholine on the other hand is a facilitory neurotransmitter. what that means is obviously there is now an imbalance in the body’s system. The picture on the left shows how transitions of dopamine differs from a person with Parkinson’s compared to a person without. The other picture shows the activity level

For studies involving Parkinson’s Disease, mice and non-human primates are primarily used as models. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) has been previously shown to selectively target and breakdown nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and cause Parkinson’s-like symptoms in primates within a few days (McCrodden, 1990). With that, the progression of the MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease is a sped-up model of the actual disease.

Parkinson’s disease causes degeneration of dopaminergic projections in the substantia nigra, which leads to a loss of DAT. DAT concentration and dopamine levels are related because low dopamine levels will lead to a DAT downregulation, therefore DAT concentration can be used as a biomarker for Parkinson’s disease. Using various imaging agents, the DAT concentration can be estimated using SPECT imaging technology. This allows for an in vivo assessment of presynaptic dopaminergic function, with semi-quantitative results. This technique can be used to identify the gradient of dopaminergic dysfunction that is characteristic of Parkinson’s disease due to

Research suggests that if a significant clinical improvement has not been achieved after a period of four to eight weeks then it is unlikely that a diagnosis of Parkinson’s will be made (Hou, Lai, 2008). In this case, the drug treatment did in fact have a positive effect on Mrs P’s symptoms therefore a diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease was reached.

Parkinson’s disease is affected by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons which is responsible to produce dopamine. Dopaminergic neurons have their cell bodies in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in basal ganglia (O’Sullivan and Schmitz, 2007). Basal ganglia are a collection of interconnected gray matter nuclear masses deep within the brain”. These gray matter masses are caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra. Basal ganglia receive its input through striatum (O’Sullivan and Schmitz, 2007).