Postoperative Analgesine Essay

According to surveys, up to 80% of patients reported moderate to severe post-surgical pain, which can sometimes be left undertreated (Sinatra et al., 2005). Postoperative pain is generally managed with opioids, which carry numerous side effects. Side effects can be bothersome and possibly cause a delay in the postoperative healing process (Beard, Leslie, & Nemeth, 2011). IV acetaminophen can possibly decrease opioid consumption, minimize side effects, increase patient satisfaction, and decrease costs (Wininger et al., 2010). The purpose of this paper is to dive further into the research to present data on the effectiveness of IV acetaminophen in decreasing opioid usage and whether it produces an additive effect causing more effective pain management in the postop patient.

This feature also enables the use of this technique into the postoperative period for analgesia, using lower concentrations of local anaesthetic drugs or in combination with different agents.

In a study conducted by Hatfield and Young (2007), 1,727 procedures such as venipuncture, intravenous (IV) catheter placement, intramuscular (IM) injections, urinary catheterizations, and nasogastric tube placement in 1,210 children have been reviewed. Their findings reveal that almost none of the patients received pain management. Although traumatic for the patient, these procedures are considered to be minor by many nurses, and the culture of pain management has not been seen as the standard of care (Hatfield & Young, 2007). Nursing staff is encouraged to change the culture by embracing their role as patient advocate. Every patient deserves a triage pain assessment with ongoing assessments as necessary. Pain control measures must be implemented prior to beginning potentially painful procedures. Discussion must take place between the parents and healthcare staff in order to deliver the best comfort measures on a case-by-case basis.

Mastectomy (surgical breast removal) leaves the patient with feelings of tightness and discomfort made worse by the removal of lymph nodes. The arms usually swell (lymphedema) and there is the risk of infection and a great deal of fluid retention (seroma) around the site of the surgery.

postoperative pain. (6) However, the effects of these drugs on pain control are compared in

"If we could sniff or swallow something that would, for five or six hours each day, abolish our solitude as individuals, atone us with our fellows in a glowing exaltation of affection and make life in all its aspects seem not only worth living, but divinely beautiful and significant, and if this heavenly, world-transfiguring drug were of such a kind that we could wake up next morning with a clear head and an undamaged constitution - then, it seems to me, all our problems (and not merely the one small problem of discovering a novel pleasure) would be wholly solved and earth would become paradise."

In Ernest Hemingway’s short story “A Soldiers’ Home”, he highlights his hardship of readjusting back home from World War I through the main character Harold Krebs proving that after a war there is a loss of self-identity. Ernest Hemingway, a past war veteran, manifests his own struggles of coming back home through Harold Krebs’ intense conversation with his mom. Their conversation escalates when his mom asks him, “Don’t you love your mother dear boy?” and he shockingly responds with “No...I don't love anybody.” A son always tells his mother that he loves her, but with Krebs, it was different because he was scarred from the war.

Short stories often develop a theme in a short time frame. Their authors must do this with limited settings and characters. The short story Killer, written by Paula Goslings, contains many themes with the main one being deception. One of the ways the author expresses this is through the narrative convention of style or mood. In this piece the convention of plot is also utilised by the author to develop this idea. Characterisation is another narrative convention successfully utilised to explore this theme. By themselves these elements are nothing, but when together, they effectively portray the theme of deception in the fantastic short story Killer.

In this discussion, I will be looking at the different forms of pain and how this pain is caused within the body. The number of different types of drugs used to treat pain is forever expanding but I will examine the main types of painkiller, how they were discovered and how they work to relieve the symptoms of pain.

The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland (AAGBI, 2010) accentuated that when looking after a patient during anaesthetic care, the anaesthetic nurse must be competent in any circumstances for the safety of patient. On the case of Mrs D, there was an obvious need to communicate, so the anaesthetic nurse needs to be trained and encouraged appropriately (Mellanby, Podmore and McNarry, 2014). It is evident that the anaesthetic nurse needs to be confident enough when looking after patients to voice any concerns to the assembled team, regardless of how senior or intimidating they may appear (NMC, 2015). The anaesthetic nurse said that she communicated with the anaesthetists during this critical incident. Yet, the anaesthetists

What is pain? If you ask someone to tell you the definition of pain they will typically state something that hurts. Registered nurses should know the definition of pain and how it can be identified on their patients. However, Abdalrahim, Majali, Stomberg, and Bergbom (2010) propose that nurses did not receive adequate education in pain management and suggest the lack of knowledge hinders their ability to adequate control their patients’ pain. Therefore, the unethical treatment of pain can be traced back nurses.

Unfortunately for the Zapotecs and other indigenous peoples, migration to the US does not bring an end to the structural and symbolic violence they must face. Unlike the systemic pressure present in Mexico and their home countries, Indigenous groups face societal pressures not only from migrant mestizos but from the dominant Anglo population of the United States. From their mestizo countrymen, they generally experience a less intense form of the violence from the home country. Generally, these include shame of public displays of their languages and racial insults. From the Anglo population, Indigenous groups are often misidentified and grouped within the broader Hispanic identity, not understanding that they are a different cultural group. To fit a mold that has been pushed upon them, Indigenous peoples are pressured to adopt multiple identities. In accordance to the US system of ethnic classification, Zapotecs identify as ethnically Mexican, followed by their regional identity as Oaxaquenos (Oaxaca region of Mexico), and as lastly as Yalalag Zapotecs (Cruz-Manjarrez pg.126). But by juggling multiple identities, Zapotecs and other indigenous groups have both gained both negative and positive aspects of themselves. By being labeled as Mexicans, Zapotecs and other Mexican indigenous groups can take pride in a nationality they have been denied for so long. As Oaxaquenos, there is a recognition of a broader pan-indigenous identity in Latin America. For Yalalag Zapotecs, the

The management of postoperative pain has received much interest nowadays. The intensity of postoperative pain depends on many factors such as type and duration of the surgery, type of anesthesia and analgesia used, and the patient’s mental and emotional status (11).

The work of an anesthesiologist is fulfilling with many benefits. A person would desire to become an anesthesiologist because there is a high standard of excellence due to a low percentage of doctors in this special field, not to mention the high salary. This occupation benefits the doctor through a feeling of personal gratification while receiving a great education. The community benefits through his or her help relieving the pain accompanied by surgery. Becoming an anesthesiologist involves extensive education and training, while also having many requirements and a good salary range.

For regional anesthesia, a local anesthetic will be injected into a nerve.[1] The anesthetic will then affect a series of nerves. The anesthetic blocks pain by interrupting nerve transmissions, also known as action potentials.[3] Action potentials occur at a constant rate within the body. Action potentials occur between nerve cells and all the body to feel pain.