How to obtain the state information of a given physical system by using a suitable measurement is a very important project in quantum mechanics. Basically, it is not easy to devise a measurement procedure which uniquely identifies the given quantum state from the statistical date produced by the measurements. For example, if the state of the quantum system is given by a K×K density matrix, the complete measurement statistics of one fixed von Neumann measurement is not sufficient to reconstruct the state, see, e.g., Ref. 1. However, it is possible to perform a somewhat general measurement procedure on a quantum system, namely, a positive operator-valued measurement (or POVM for short), see Ref. 2. Mathematically, a minimal informationally …show more content…
The extremal case in this sense arises when we are given a system of K2 normalized vectors {|ψi:i=1,…,K2} in CK for which|ψi|ψj|2=1K+1,1≤i≠j≤K2.(2)Such POVMs are called symmetric informationally complete POVMs, or simply, SIC-POVMs.SIC-POVMs constitute a basic ingredient in many applications of quantum information processing; see, for example, Refs. 6–13, etc., and references therein).For the existence of SIC-POVMs, we have the following facts: (I)Explicit analytical constructions of SIC-POVMs satisfying (2) have been given for small dimension K, •K = 2, 3, 4, 5, see Refs. 6 and 7;•K = 6, see Ref. 8;•K = 7, 19, see Ref. 9;•K = 8, 12, 28, see Refs. 10–12;•K = 9, 11, 13–15, 35, 48, see Ref. 12;•K = 16, see Ref. 13. (II)It has been conjectured that SIC-POVMs exist in all dimensions [see Ref. 6 (Sec. 3.4) or Ref. 7] and numerical evidence exists for dimensions up to 67 (see Ref. 12). The most recent development in this area can be found in Ref. 14.Note also that Appleby15 studied SIC-POVMs for operators with arbitrary rank.C.Our resultsGenerally speaking, it is hard to explicitly construct SIC-POVMs. In fact, there are no known infinite families of SIC-POVMs and it is not even clear whether there exist SIC-POVMs for infinitely many K. Based on this observation, Klappenecker et al.1 proposed to construct approximately symmetric informationally complete positive operator-valued measures (ASIC-POVM) for possible applications in
• The mean values of the input and the quantized output for a given Lloyd Max quantiser are always equal.[5]
Manuel's robbery with a firearm conviction was a first-degree felony punishable by life, Fla. Stat. (1989), which subjected Manuel to sentencing for “a term of imprisonment not exceeding 30 years or, when specifically provided by statute, by imprisonment for a term of years not exceeding life imprisonment,” Fla. Stat. (1989). The trial court chose to sentence Mr. Manuel to a term of “natural life” for this
This has two implications (probably more, but we’ll leave it at two): one epistemological and one ontological. First, that there are restrictions to the amount of information that we can gather from systems of observables, and that perhaps the methods we use to describe such systems are insufficient. Second, that for all systems of observables—any closed system—there can be no definite value for all sets of observables at the same time. For example, in the case of the particle, it is impossible to calculate a definite value for both position and momentum simultaneously.
David A. Frisbie (2005) the author, Measurement 101: Some Fundamentals Revisited, takes the position that the “fundamental measurement concept and relationships often are used in our written communication in a way that demonstrates misunderstanding and leads to confusion “ (p.21). Frisbie goes on then to provide information about this often misunderstood concept. Frisbie begins discussing validity and how it is a misused and misunderstood term. Validity is not a test, it is more about how we interpret the test.
The one character that we all thought was not going to make it through the war, especially since he was a Jew, actually survived it. The person who had a close connection to Liesel ever since her came to 33 Himmel St., none other than Max Vandenberg. He comes home long after the war ended, “Finally in October 1945, a man with swampy eye, feathers of hair, and a clean-shaven face walked into the shop...Liesel came out. The hugged and cried and fell to the floor” (548). The author chose Max to be the survivor, probably because no one expected him to survive it. He chose this character also because he had a close relationship with Liesel and wanted her to have one person in her life after the tragedy. The author is saying that when people have
It’s summer, and Amelia is a lady in waiting. When she happens on a familiar face in a tabloid newspaper, she and Gil reminisce about another summer, long, long ago when they were teens, working with a summer stock company. There was drama that summer, along with romance. And danger. Though much has changed over the years, the danger still lurks. Who killed Danny? Did they also kill Janey? What does it all have to do with an Adirondack hermit? And will Amelia uncover the killer’s identity before she finds herself playing a death
This book is awesome & exciting. It is about a boy called Percy who has Dyslexia. Where is my bolt? Who could have stolen it? while Zeus has these questions Percy is enjoying the company of his mother on a vacation till his friend Grover comes with the legs of a goat. They fight a half man half bull monster and reach half blood hill. There Percy discovers that he a demigod, actually son of Poseidon, the sea god. He learns that someone has stolen Zeus's lightning bolt. And Zeus thinks that Percy is the thief. He sets of to find the bolt with Grover & Anabeth. The oracle says that he would be betrayed by the one who he calls a friend. They first go to Underworld as they think Hades has stolen the bolt. On reaching underworld they get a surprise
Contrary to current understanding of current research, the results of this experiment proved not to follow the findings of previous areas of research and study. The hypothesis made for this experiment was that “people exposed to a ‘dual identity’ will show equal recognition of subtle racism and will perceive faces of other ethnicities to be equally Australian than the ‘common identity’ group.” Our results have proposed the possibility that to an Australian demographic a common and dual identity will not affect their perception to situations of subtle prejudice. This infers that either the population will simply not be affected by the stimuli or that they are at a level of recognition which is not affected by the stimuli. The difference
An operator T belong to * - class A if |〖 T 〗^2 | ≥ 〖| T | 〗^2 class A as a subclass of paranormal which include the class of p-Hyponormal and log-hyponormal operators.
One of the most, if not the most, mainstream approach to organizational study in understanding organizations is the positivist approach. The premise of positivists’ argument is that only an objective, quantitative research into organizations can provide a clear understanding, as they believe there exists an organizational reality that is detached from organization theory and actors. As Grey (2013) puts it, positivism is categorizing itself as a science similar to natural sciences. They believe that results of that research will enable managers to make informed future predictions about business activities.
Measurement is fundamental in my organization success. With the new healthcare regulations is it is imperative for my company to have measurements in place in order to gauge the quality of healthcare that is being giving to patients. The following is the areas the organization looks at overall.
When reading this story, I come to see that the very first hermit would be the character that I like the most. The reason I choose the hermit is because he gives the girl the best advice and puts the situation in her hands and lets her know to think about all the choices and choose based on her heart. His morals were good and I feel like he gave the girl the best advice because he put the situation in her hands. My next favorite would be the 2nd hermit just because of the fact that he gave the girl a place to rest and food then he went out and got money for the girl to get back home with. After doing all of that he didn’t ask the girl for nothing in return which showed great morals. Moving forward I would say the next character in line would
Entanglement is one of the most fundamental and yet unintuitive concepts in quantum mechanics. Maximally entangled two-qubit states, often called Bell states, where shown to violate classical (local) correlation properties [33, 34] and are an essential building block for quantum communication and distributed quantum computation. Unfortunately, such entangled states are also difficult to generate and sustain as interaction with a noisy environment typically leads to rapid loss of their unique quantum properties. In the context of QSC, such an entanglement has been generated exploring various types of interactions such as direct qubit-qubit interaction [35, 36], coupling to a common cavity mode [37] or photon-mediated interactions for qubits embedded in a waveguide [38].
The social science paradigm also known as Post positivism consists of testing hypothesis and research questions that are developed through reasoning. This is done through measurements and observation. Social scientists aspire to science and they seek to study human behaviour, interaction and thought in an organized way; which we can then measure, generalize and replicate. Like any research, post-positivism needs to be backed up by evidence. When a social science research sets out a research project, it is their goal to find evidence that can either agree or disagree with the hypothesis or theories. Post positivism, compared to positivism allows more interaction with the participants of the research project and seeks to highlight the relationship between universal properties between the variables. The best way to understand post positivism is by comparing it to positivism and the interpretive paradigm. Compared to positivism, post positivism is more tolerant for value-based information, however is not focused on qualitative information like the interpretive paradigm, instead the research is mainly focused on quantitative data.
Measure for Measure is often described as a problem comedy because the themes and tones that are presented in the play do not share the same optimistic themes and tones of Shakespeare's previous comedies. The familiar formula that classifies Measure for Measure as a comedy are mistaken identity (the "bed trick"), disguise, the Duke disguises himself as a Friar to keep tabs on Angelo, Lucio as comedic relief, and the resolution of the play with the multiple marriages of Juliet and Claudio, Angelo and Mariana, and Lucio and Kate Keepdown. Although Measure for Measure fills the criteria for comedy, it is set apart because of themes of judgement and justice, marriage and sex, and religion and mortality. The cynical tone that Shakespeare presents