Population Based Intervention Model Essay

In the United States, smoking cigarettes is the number one preventable cause of morbidity and death (Bergen, 1999), and accounts for $300 Billion in health care costs and economic productivity loss (Jamal, 2015). While the national smoking rate is 16.8% (CDC, 2016), specific demographics are more susceptible to developing smoking habits: people who live below the poverty line (10.9% higher), disabled or with a limitation (6.2% higher), and males (4.7% higher) (Agaku, 2014).

Smoking is still a pressing issue for Americans, despite efforts to regulate and lessen tobacco use. One in every five Americans still regularly smokes a cigarette, and those who attempt to quit aren’t utilizing all the assistance resources available to them. With these treatments being more prominent now than ever before, there is evidence that supports the effects of a quitter using aid compared to one who does not. Providing brief interventions about tobacco cessation may encourage more quit attempts and use of appropriate treatments, such as a quit-lines or medication. Despite many efforts, healthcare providers are still failing to provide brief interventions to patients, which therefore exposes flaws in a healthcare-based strategy to drive

King Duncan, Malcom, Captain, Ross and Lennox are all new characters introduced in the second scene. King Duncan meets a captain returning from battle. The captain discusses Macbeth's bravery in the war and also mentions how the rebel thane of cawdor is being disloyal. Duncan the king of Scotland orders that the rebel thane of cawdor be executed because he was a traitor And in replacement he wants Macbeth because of his bravery (1.2.17-18) (1.2.60-61) (1.2.73-76)

EBIs to reduce disruptive behavior and increase academic achievement can include trainings and implementation support at the school, class-wide, and individual student-level, and are often either academic or behavioral in nature. Overall, implementation of both universal (i.e. class-wide) and targeted (i.e. student-level) interventions have demonstrated positive impacts on decreasing disruptive behaviors and increasing student academic achievement (Flower, McKenna, Bunuan, Muething, & Vega, 2014; Vannest, Davis, Davis, Mason, & Burke, 2010).Ross, Romer, and Horner (2012) also found that teachers in schools implementing Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports with high fidelity

The initial phase of the self-directed intervention consisted of baseline measurement of smoking behaviour. Baseline data was collected for a period of 7 weeks and a functional assessment was completed during this time. Upon starting the intervention phase, the final target behaviour of smoking cessation was broken down into smaller, short-term objectives lasting 2 weeks each.

Evidence-based cessation treatments, reducing patient costs for smoking cessation treatments, and reminders to health care professionals to encourage smoking cessation are all factors that pharmacists and health care professionals can influence and affect to provide patients with the greatest chance of dropping their habit. These goals can be accomplished by implementing healthcare administrators and health plans that can support clinical interventions that include coverage for smoking cessation treatments with no deductibles and co-payments, improving ways to identify patients that smoke and giving them the assistance they need in quitting, and implementing smoke free workplaces and healthcare centers. Programs that include multiple treatments are more successful than those with single interventions. Smoking cessation treatment usually consists of three phases: preparation, intervention and maintenance. The preparation phase is used to increase the smoker’s motivation to quit and to provide the needed motivation for that individual.

Furthermore, in USA, nearly one of every five deaths is caused by tobacco. However, 32.9 percent of full time college students between 18 to 22 years old has smoke in the previous 30 days in 2001 and according to (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2002) for the young adults the rate was higher that is 44.6 percent. Thus half of Adolescents who have already smoke 100 cigarettes or even more will smoke for at least 16-20 years (Pierce and Gilpin 1996)

Tobacco use, and its health consequences, is one of the most serious public health problems worldwide [1]. Evidence is accumulating that smoking increases the risk of cancers, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases [2]. Despiteproven negative health effects of smoking, it is becoming more prevalent, particularly among adolescents, in the lastdecades [3]. Most researches concerned with adult smoking have reported that the majority of smokers begin to smoke early in the adolescent period, before the age of 18 years [4-6]. Adolescence is a critical period characterized by psychological and behavioral changes that may affect adolescents’ smoking behavior.Several beliefs and attitude are shaped as well in this period [7].This makes school years a crucial period to study not only the smoking prevalence and predictors, but also beliefs and attitudes of adolescents towards smoking during this period.

Tobacco use is a global epidemic among young people. As with adults, it poses a serious health threat to youth and young adults in the United States and has significant implications for this nation’s public and economic health in the future (Perry et al. 1994; Kessler 1995). According to Healthy people 2020, tobacco use is the largest preventable cause of death and disease in the United States.

Anti-smoking campaigns usually target teen and adolescent smokers because more than 80% of adult smokers begin smoking before the age of 18. Very few campaign targeted at Middle-aged smokers. It should be not forgotten that elderly peoples behavior might influence teen and adolescents’ behaviors as well as their attitudes. Among these, according to the CDC, smoking triples the risk of dying from heart disease among middle-aged men and women. Researches prove that, the diseases associated with smoking are most prevalent between 45 to 74 ages. However, those who quit smoking can substantially reduce their risk for the various smoking related negative health outcomes, especially if they quit before age 35 years (Doll, Peto, Wheatley, Gray & Sutherland,

Smoking cessation interventions require a holistic approach consisting of educational and behavioral intervention and medications. Whether by itself or in combination, an intervention has the capacity to supplement the efficacy of smoking cessation. In order to achieve the steps needed to facilitate this kind of underpinning, the employment of educational interventions coupled with the participants knowledge, disease process and motivation to decrease or quit smoking must be factored in (Patel, 2009). A teachable moment is what will be able to offered help increase the participants motivation in order to decrease the frequency of smoking or cessation, in the form of small effective and inexpensive weekly classes in a community setting (Appendix H, I), which includes teaching about their disease process, the effects of smoking on every organ in their body and the reduction in health of smokers in general (CDC, 2017).

Tobacco use causes chronic lung disease and disability in most cases. There are more than 2.8 million smokers under the age of 18 in the US, and 3.4 million high-school students are current smokers. In addition to the health problems caused by tobacco use, young smokers are more likely to use alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine. Nicotine abstinence programs for high-school students have been proposed as a response. The transtheoretical model of change predicts that smokers will go through a series of stages leading up to quitting: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, and action. In the precontemplation stage, smokers do not think their behavior is problematic and have no intention of changing. In the contemplation and preparation stages,

“The prevalence of current smoking among youth is lower than it has been in decades, and the rate of quitting smoking in younger birth cohorts has been increasing. Nonetheless, tobacco use among youth remains a public health problem of substantial importance due to adolescents being the time when most smokers start (Aldrich, Hidalgo, Widome et al., 2015).” About 87% of adults started smoking before the age of 18, while 98% started before the age of 26 (Aldrich, Hidalgo, Widome et al., 2015). Smoking is perceived to happen during adolescents, which was initially encouraged by tobacco industry marketing that has effectively and purposely targeted the youth (Aldrich, Hidalgo, Widome et al., 2015).

In today’s society, the tobacco use in youth and adult are increasing dramatically and effecting millions of lives every year. I think the dangers of smoking are overemphasized but our society chooses not to take it serious by ignoring all the information that is given to them and instead choose to harm their own body by smoking tobacco. Smoking is a self- destructive behavior that effects the smoker mentally, physically, emotional and economically. Anti-smoking campaigns and Ads spend billions of dollars every year trying to discourage adults and teens from smoking and improve public health. Every human being, even those who are addicted to tobacco, are aware of the fact that tobacco usage and smoking are dangerous leading causes of diseases, cancer and death. Despite the anti-smoking ads about the ill-effects of smoking, smokers are the ones that choose their own destiny in the sense that they develop health problems because they chose to smoke.

The tobacco industry kills more people in North America from Monday to Thursday of each week than the terrorists murdered in total on September 11, 2001. That sounds unrealistic, doesn’t it? Well, smoking is an epidemic that affects us all, whether you are a smoker or you aren’t. In order to stop this epidemic, we need to