Ethics of Animal Experimentation
In the debate over animal rights concerning the ethics of animal experimentation, the moral question lies in the relationship between humans and non-humans. Western philosophers regard humans as superior over animals. The philosopher Aristotle believed humans can reason and have a rational soul. Non-humans, on the other hand, lack awareness, consciousness, feel no pain, and can be exploited. (Vaughn, 2016)
In the 20th century much progress has been made towards human rights and animal rights. Humans seek equality between the male and female sexes, religion, and ethnicity. On the animal rights side, philosophers such as Peter Singer in his book “Animal Liberation”, point out that animals deserve equal consideration with regard to suffering. Singer uses the term “speciesism” to describe the discrimination of non-humans based on species (1990). He argues that it is morally wrong to knowingly
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In the Buddhist religion, “pratityasamutpada” means the realization that there is no difference between the self and others, that this self is one with others, and one should treat others as one would want to be treated (Brannigan, 2010. p. 70). Buddhism, thus declares that all living beings should have equal status. This thinking entails that animals should be equal in status to humans.
According to Brannigan (2010, pp. 65-70), a Buddhist has to live by four distinct virtues to pave the path to “pratityasamutpada”: “compassion (karuna)”, “lovingkindness (metta)”, “sympathetic joy (mudita)”, and “impartiality (upekkha)”.
The second concept of Buddhism is embedded in the doctrine of cyclic rebirth until one reaches the final stage of nirvana (Szűcs, Geers, Jezierski, Sossidou, Broom, 2012). In breaking the cycle of rebirth, a Buddhist has finally mastered the four distinct virtues of
In Peter Singer’s article, All Animals are Equal, Singer claims that animals deserve the same equal rights and respect that the human lives get. His strongest argument is defined by all animals, human or non-human shall be defined as equal. Singer makes some very strong arguments within his article, but I feel some of his statements are humanist. As an animal lover and mother to two pets, I disagree that not all animals or living things endure the same amount. However, I do agree that animals do deserve the rights to live lives as animals should. This paper will analyze Singer’s argument in relation to the specific issue of animal equal rights. It will also include the counterarguments I have against his claims of his article.
Peter Singer is one philosopher who attempts to answer this question. Singer being an advocate of animal equality argues that humans and animals are morally equal. He believes the unjust treatment of animals is derived from speciesism; describes the widespread discrimination
Peter Singer has written many works in support of animal rights. In one of his greatest works Animal Liberation, Singer goes into great depths on how similar in biology animals are to human beings. Another strong point was not only the biological resemblance, but also the behavioral tendencies and traits humans and nonhuman species share. There are two major areas of focus that Singer puts emphasis on that need to be recognized for the purposes of my argument. One focus is this utilitarian approach that only the human species carry: the belief of ethical and morally good behavior should be extended to the consideration of nonhuman species. The second focus that is the basis for my argument is Singer’s argument against a huge human social construct labeled speciesism.
Both in and out of philosophical circle, animals have traditionally been seen as significantly different from, and inferior to, humans because they lacked a certain intangible quality – reason, moral agency, or consciousness – that made them moral agents. Recently however, society has patently begun to move beyond this strong anthropocentric notion and has begun to reach for a more adequate set of moral categories for guiding, assessing and constraining our treatment of other animals. As a growing proportion of the populations in western countries adopts the general position of animal liberation, more and more philosophers are beginning to agree that sentient creatures are of a direct moral concern to humans, though the degree of this
In Peter Singer’s article “All Animals are Equal,” Singer advocates for the basic principle of equality to be extended to animals. By the basic principle of equality, he means that all beings should receive equal consideration in relation to experiencing pain and pleasure.
International Baccalaureate Diploma Program Internationella Engelska Gymnasiet Extended Essay Philosophy An analysis of Peter Singer’s utilitarian argument on animal rights with focus on Animal Liberation Fanuel Ande Word Count: Supervisor: Joseph Hemingway Date: Table of Content: Introduction: Speciesism is a term coined in 1970 by animal rights activist and psychologist, Richard D. Ryder. The term would later be popularised by Australian philosopher, Peter Singer in his book: Animal Liberation (1975).
The journey “home” that Buddhists refer to as the privilege of enlightenment, the ultimate truth, is called the paramattha. The Paramattha is not the same journey as other faiths profess, because other faiths, like the science known as psychology, emphasize outside influence, in one way or another, in the ancient long search for understanding. Understanding life, afterlife, existence, thought, personality, behavior, and the unknown. These latter truth-seekers have overlapping roads of distinction on their charted course that is not an essential part of the
As Mahatma Gandhi said, “The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are
Throughout history morality has been a topic of intense debate. Innumerable thinkers have devoted immense amounts of time and energy to the formulation of various ethical theories intended to assist humans in their daily lives. These theories set out guidelines which help to determine the rightness or wrongness of any given action and can therefore illuminate which choice would be morally beneficial. And while many of these theories differ substantially, most have at least one common underlying principle, namely that humans deserve to be treated with a certain level of respect. This idea comes from the belief that all humans have interests which are significant enough to be considered, hence no one should impede another
A highly popularized and debated topic in our modern society is the promotion of animal equality or animal rights. Many people, philosophers included, have a wide range of opinions on this topic. Two of the philosophers studied in class who discussed animal rights were Peter Singer and Carl Cohen. Singer, who has the more extreme view on animal rights, believes that all animals are equal and that the limit of sentience is the only defensible boundary of concern for the interest of others (Singer, 171). While Cohen, who’s view is more moderate than that of Singer’s, believes that animals do not have rights, stating that to have rights one must contain the ability for free moral judgment. Though, he does believe that we as
Seems rhetorical, but the fact is animals live through this everyday, without even given the choice. As humans, we establish our authority among all living beings, but for what reasons? Are humans better than all other species? Or is it true that we should hold a precedence over nonhuman animals? The ultimate question then remains, should animals have as much or equal to the same rights as humans? Their are endless arguments for and against this question, and many sub arguments that go hand in hand with each side. In this paper, I will discuss the definition of what animal rights entails and expand on the history that developed it’s meaning. Furthermore, I will thoroughly discuss, reason, and explain each opinion presented by our current society as well as the positions held by previous philosophers. Lastly, I will draw a conclusion to the opinions presented by discussing my personal position on the argument of animal rights.
If a person has the intention to expand their service for the benefit of others, the correct action will be executed automatically. However, in order to extend the feelings of these affection and kindness to others, we must start from among them first. This means that according to the doctrine of Buddhism, people can increase this kindness to someone only by making our own body affectionate. Even if you love yourself, no one will harm others. Therefore, only by creating a room for love for themselves, people can share or have the same feelings for others. Metta in Buddhism is traditionally established as one of the four related qualities called Divine Abidings. Love (Metta) and the other three: compassion (Karuna), joy (Mudita) and equality (Upekkha), make up these Divine Illimitables. These can be understood in two extreme aspects of Buddhism.
Impermanence, Selflessness, and Dissatisfaction Buddhism is neither a religion nor a philosophy, but rather a way of life. This does not imply that Buddhism is nothing more than an ethical code: it is a way of moral, spiritual and intellectual training leading to complete freedom of the mind. (DeSilva, 1991:p 5). Of the many Buddhist sects, Zen Buddhism places particular emphasis on living ‘the right' life, and does not revolve around rite and ritual. Buddhism outlines the three characteristics of existence, which aids one in achieving enlightenment.
Is it ethical for animals to have the same rights as humans? During this paper I will present the views of both sides. I will try my best to give the reader a chance to come to there own unbiased conclusion. I will talk about the key areas of animal ethics. I will present the facts and reasoning behind the arguments over Animal cruelty, testing, hunting, and improper housing. My conclusion will hopefully bring us closer to answering many of the question surrounding “Animal Rights and Ethics”.
The statement by Paul McCartney rings true, “If slaughterhouses had glass walls everyone would be a vegetarian.” Animal rights is a concept which people hardly ever consider in a serious light. Being born as a human being, having a superior mental capacity and sense of times makes people think that they can rule this world and use other living beings as they see fit. This mentality leads to people say things like “animals are born to eaten” or how Aristotle claimed “all of the nature exist specifically for the sake of men” and “that animal are merely instruments for humankind.” (Pg. 495). This way of thinking often leads to overconsumption of animals, cruelty to animals and loss of species.