Peru Open Ocean: Ecosystem Assessment
The south pacific is well known for their upwelling especially around the coast of Peru and it is well known for its high productivity around the world’s oceans and supports a great deal of sea food around the world. However, the region is also known for its fluctuation in the fish stocks due to many biotic and abiotic factors (Figure 1) (Cury, Roy, and Faure 1998; Sandweiss et al. 2004).
El Nino/ Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) have a major impact in the Pacific Basin. Understanding the different climate variability is relevant in order to have better knowledge on the marine living resources that we are dependent on. The equatorial Pacific and the coast of Peru are
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El Nino is the event that has more effect on this area because it has a significant reduction in nutrients due to warm ocean currents that decreases the level of productivity and abruptly changes the food web. On the other hand, PDO are low frequent oscillation and they have a fifth teen to thirty year cycle (Nathan and Hare 2002; Sandweiss et al. 2004).
The PDO Index is premeditated with spatially average of monthly sea surface temperature that is taken from twenty degrees north form the Pacific Ocean. There are not many hypothesis that may explain the biological responses with any correlating of physical and chemical variation. However, PDO shows fluctuations on productivity, temperature in oceans and air, and fish landings (Nathan and Hare 2002; Sandweiss et al. 2004).
ENSO and PDO seem to have an similar pattern and impact in the region each event seem to target certain species that helps discern them from each other. Throughout the course in history, there are very two distinct regimes: Anchovy and Sardine regime. The anchovy stocks decrease when sardines peak and vice versa. It is how the PDO is distinguish mostly identify by this two distinct fish stocks (Cury, Roy, and Faure 1998; Nathan and Hare 2002; Sandweiss et al.
Paul Prestwick’s police report states, “Accompanied Mrs. Osgood to day spa in Sedona, Arizona. Check-in records confirm the two checked in on Thursday into one room.” Both Bambi and Paul’s police reports say they met at Bryman College. While they were with each other at school they started to discuss how and when they were going to kill Duncan Osgood. After Bambi and Paul figure out how and when they were going to kill Duncan Osgood, she begs Duncan to hire Paul, as it said in Duncan’s journal “First Bambi begs me to hire the guy…” they wait awhile to let Duncan get used to Paul and maybe gain each other’s trust and then they kill him. Bambi Osgood’s police report states, “Property holdings: 8 bedroom house at 89 Ritzy Boulevard, approximately $5 million in
Modern fishing methods have first and foremost created serious problems for ocean ecosystems. Scholastic Scope states, “The populations of almost all fish species that we eat have shrunken, some drastically, as a result of overfishing, or catching fish faster than they can reproduce” (Dignan 14). Sadly, fish cannot reproduce fast enough to sustain their populations when different fishing techniques drain their ecosystem’s health. Because humans are relatively new organisms, fish, a much older species, have not adapted to modern fishing techniques and overfishing in the sea. Therefore, oceans are at risk because fish cannot compete with newer, more efficient fishing techniques produced by humans. Climate change is furthermore another major threat to oceans. As published by Scholastic Scope, “Warming ocean waters, rising sea levels, and violent storms disrupt the lives of many species and affect fragile marine ecosystems” (Dignan 14). Although climate change may now be a controversial issue, its footprint and effects have no doubt left their mark. Powerful and destructive climate change has also been the culprit of extinction for many other animals such as the marine animals during the Permian-Triassic extinction event. Since things often repeat itself in history, the ocean could have a Holocene extinction event, which would completely
The Atlantic and Pacific Coasts fish stocks overall show little improvement, despite the management strategies that have been implemented to try to increase fish population. This is primarily due to overexploitation
The History of Baseball Equipment Did you know that baseball was once called "the national pastime?” So many people played the game as a child, or played softball. Baseball is also a democratic game which means that players could be successful with average height and weight. The equipment of baseball, bats, balls and gloves, has changed in many ways over the years. Baseball has been around since before the American Civil War.
Annotated Bibliography At the beginning of this project, I decided I wanted to study the natural phenomenon of the ocean. I knew that the ocean contains an abundance of unexplainable things, but I did not know what exactly I wanted to study in depth. As my studying went on, I decided to focus on the ocean’s compelling traits that affect humans and the land we call home. Do the increasing population and human’s daily habits interfere with the ocean?
The Humboldt Current, also called the Peru Current, is one of the world’s largest ecosystems that support high levels of biological production. The Humboldt Current extends along the coast of Peru and Southern Chile up to Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands. Although the current has unique features, it faces a serious of environmental challenges. The first one being the cold surface currents. Not only does the cool current produces nutrient-rich waters that rise to the surface and attract multiple fish populations, but it causes the concentrated area to become vulnerable to anthropogenic ocean acidification. In addition, high winds are caused by coastal upwelling zones that are disrupted by El Nino. These high winds cause slow productivity, stock
To hear that Lehigh values students being leaders and positively contributing to their communities only emphasizes my view of admiration of the University. Leading, making decisions, taking actions, and contributing to my community in a positive way is what my daily life is built around. Working at a Martial Arts school six to seven days a week allows me to influence my community, especially the children, each day. I cherish the moments where a student of mine share with me how I have influenced them positively in any way. To have the privilege to be able to affect the lives of people in my community makes me want to push myself that much harder each day. No matter what is going on in my life, I know I need to be strong and lead by example
According to a study done by Living Planet Report in 2015, 29% of the world’s fishing stocks are considered overfished and an additional 61% is fully exploited with no possibility to produce more fish. Our environment is currently afflicted by a number of different problems, one of which is overfishing. Overfishing is defined by FishOnline as, “Fishing with a sufficiently high intensity to reduce the breeding stock levels to such an extent that they will no longer support a sufficient quantity of fish for sport or commercial harvest.” The overfishing situation is being exacerbated by non-sustainable and destructive fishing practices and unfair fisheries partnership agreements; while there are currently attempts being made at fixing these problems and their effects on overfishing, nothing has been extremely effective.
This summer we've already been slightly impacted from El Niño. Near the Caribbean Sea and the other parts of the Atlantic basin there's been strong wind shear. El Niño occurs when there's warming of ocean water in the Pacific Ocean. El Niño occurs in a cycle of three to seven years. El Niño will be present winter 2015-2016 and will weaken towards spring. In the United States El Niño lasting into spring is important because precipitation and temperature go from moderate to storm. El Niño can cause major damage to our agriculture,people, and many other
Peru is an ever-changing climate system due to the mixture of terrain and climate that consist of everything from tropical forest in the east and deserts in the west. Additionally, in the Andes Mountains the temperature is always much colder than the rest of the Country and is located in the center of the Country. Peru maintains a stable southern hemisphere climate, one that is near reversed of the northern hemisphere with the summer months being December through February and the winter following in July through September. However, off the coast of South America an event changes the weather that happens every 2-7 years. The local citizens have named this event El Nino, which means "The Little Boy" due to its occurrence in December. During El Nino, the waters off Peru's coast begin to warm and cause large numbers of fish to die, effecting the wildlife and local population greatly. The fishers that live on the coast of Peru suffer tremendously due to the fish that die off are their main source of food and food production during this event. Additionally,
For starters, a fish stock is the subpopulation of fish that is studied in a particular region and are old enough to reproduce. Understanding a fish stock is important because they can tell scientists a lot about the population of fish in the area, and the oceanic conditions. This can help research and environmental efforts because they perform fish stock assessments as previously described in order to send out to fisheries to protect the fish and the environment. Assessments of fish stocks raise the question of how much catch can yield a sustainable population, current status’ of
The El Nino is a major factor of the climatic change and disturbance that has a global effect. El Nino Impacts the dynamic of ecosystem worldwide, Recent studies predicts that human generated rises in greenhouse gas levels will have a huge impact on the strength and the frequency of El Nino warming events. These studies are a main aspect that sparked up many scientists to focus on the ecological implication of El Nino on different organisms and how El Nino is effecting these organisms. This was a reason why many studies were done to have a full understanding of what really El Nino is? Also, few of these studies were focused on how to measure the impact of these processes on genetic diversity in an ecosystem. there was one study that mainly focused on the genetic impacts of El Nino on the marine Iguana in the Galapagos islands. Here in this review, the first portion was to have a full understanding of El Nino and how its actual happen and
Peru is located in western South America and it shares borders with Chile, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador and the South Pacific Ocean. Peru is about 1.28 million square kilometers. There are three major regions in Peru: a narrow coastal belt, the wide Andean mountains and the Amazon Basin. The coast is mostly a desert, but contains Peru's major cities. The Andes has two main ranges - Cordillera Occidental and Oriental. Oriental includes Peru's highest mountain called Huascaran, it a peaks out at 22,200ft. On the east side is the Amazon Basin, a region of tropical lowland, the water there is carried out by the Maranon and Ucayali rivers.
Since the beginning of the human race, the ocean has been a major source of food. People near the shores have been taking of advantage of the ocean’s rich and diverse source of nourishment for centuries, both as a source of food and a livelihood. However, since the dawn of the industrial age, humans have begun to take from the ocean more that it can give. As a result, the ocean can no longer provide the human race with the abundance that it once did. As technology rapidly advances, populations skyrocket, and global warming spreads havoc, the ocean’s biodiversity and once abundant supply of fish is dwindling, calling marine scientists and experts to race to find solutions that will restore the oceans health while battling world hunger.
Marine fisheries make up some of the largest ecosystems/habitats that span from the coastal regions all the way through the various oceans of the globe. In addition, the habitats and ecosystems of marine fisheries contain some of the most diverse groups of organisms worldwide just because of the sheer amount of the planet’s surface that the oceans cover. Although the range and diversity of marine fisheries are vast, they are declining at increasing rates. There are many factors that have led to this decline which include climate change, pollution, and the introduction of invasive species into particular habitats. However, the two largest factors behind the collapse of marine fisheries are directly correlated with human interaction with the marine fisheries. One is the overexploitation by the fishing industry, while the other is habitat alteration (mainly around the coastal areas) (Layman et. al 2011).