Periodontitis Cigarette Smoking

Studies show that smokers have a highly increased risk of experiencing bleeding gums because inhaled smoke can deposit toxic irritants on the surface of teeth that are not easily removed with traditional oral hygiene practices. Those who smoke also have decreased immune responses that make the aggravated gums slower to heal.

not until the twentieth century that the concept of the “press” morphed into professional journalists working in television, radio, publishing companies that conducted and investigated serious stories to deliver to the public. Since then, the courts have struggled to manage the immense role of a free press within the country for it is the emblem of a democratic, civilized and enlightened society. Because journalists generally have access to more information than an average citizen, those with wicked intentions and uninterrupted misdeeds tend to issue subpoenas to fight the journalists from releasing their dirt. However, the First Amendment clearly states, “Congress shall make no law […] prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging

The Theme Of Courage “It takes courage to grow up and become who you really are”(E.E Cummings). Courage is a crucial theme in Harper Lee’s novel To Kill a Mockingbird. Lee indicates that real courage is the ability to stand up for what one believes in even in fear. Although courage is misinterpreted by the narrator Jean Louise Finch (Scout) and her older brother Jeremy Finch (Jem) near the beginning of the novel, they soon come to understand what real courage really is.

suffering from chronic disease. The test samples of gingival were taken from 33 male patients, eighteen smokers and fifteen nonsmokers, and these patients were undergoing periodontal treatment. The researcher used histomorphometric image analysis to evaluate the epithelial thickness, vascular density and area of the lumen, the result was in smokers the mean epithelial thickness was (150.551±32.994) and it was (134.941±30.63) in non-smokers, the mean blood vessel density in smokers was (12.388±6.472) and it was (14.800±4.91) in non-smokers, and the mean lumen area in smokers was (19.290±8.775) μm2 and it was (20.044±7.896) μm2 in non-smoker. we conclude from this study that the smokers have increased epithelial tissue and less blood vessel density and the lumen area is reduced .( Effect of smoking on gingival microvasculature: A histological study. Vijaya Kumar and Mohamed Faizuddin1. 2011

Gum diseases (sometimes called PERIODONTAL or GINGIVAL DISEASES) are infections that harm the gum and bone that hold teeth in place. When plaque stays on your teeth too long, it forms a hard, harmful covering, called TARTAR, that brushing doesn't clean. The longer the plaque and tartar stay on your teeth, the more damage they cause. This is called GINGIVITIS. If gingivitis is not treated, over time it can make your gums pull away from your teeth and form pockets that can get infected. This is called PERIODONTITIS. If not treated, this infection can ruin the bones, gums, and tissue that support your teeth. In time, it can cause loose teeth that your dentist may have to remove.

Periodontal disease can lead you to lose all of your teeth. The mouth is the gateway to the rest of the body; it can be the entering passage between healthy and sick. The moment an infection grows in the mouth, the entire body automatically starts to try to fight it. “…due to significant findings supporting the association between periodontal disease and systemic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and osteoporosis” (Amar and Kim). It has been suggested that the bacteria of this infection may enter the bloodstream and attach themselves to the blood vessels which then increase clot formation. These clots then lower the blood flow to the heart indicating that a heart attack is a common consequence of gum

If prevention is already too later and you¡¯ve been diagnosed with periodontal disease there are ways to encourage healing. It is important to start or maintain daily flossing and brushing. Most dentists will prescribe an antibiotic rinsing agent. You may get a referral to see a periodontist. This is a professional trained in the

Periodontal disease is the fifth most common health problem in Australia (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2015). Periodontal disease is associated with large costs to the health system and reduction in the quality of life, and wealth, of Australians (AHMAC Steering Committee for National Planning for Oral Health, 2001). The greatest contributor to the development of periodontal disease is the accumulation of plaque in the oral cavity. The human immune system responds to plaque by initiating an inflammatory response. This immune response is the beginning of periodontal disease. Plaque is manageable by completing simple oral health care practices such as

Chronic periodontitis has been identified as the most prevalent form of periodontitis affecting the adults and occasionally the adolescents and children.(Merin, 2015) This periodontal disease of inflammatory origin is thought to be the result of host immune response against bacterial colonies in the subgingival plaque.(Merin, 2015) In many cases, systemic and environmental factors play a significant role in the disease progression. Common risk factors such as uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and smoking, contribute to periodontal destruction in genetically susceptible individuals by modifying the host’s immune reactions towards periodontal pathogens. Clinically, the diagnosis of chronic periodontitis is made based on the presence of supragingival and subgingival plaque and calculus, signs of gingival inflammation, periodontal attachment loss and radiographic bone loss. Chronic periodontitis can be further classified based on the extent and severity of periodontal destruction. Localised chronic periodontitis is diagnosed when less than 30% of the sites are affected; whereas the generalised form of the disease affects more than 30% of the sites. The severity of the disease is determined by the amount of clinical attachment loss. It is classified as mild, moderate or severe when 1-2mm, 3-4mm or 5mm or more attachment loss is recorded respectively. (Merin, 2015)

Cigarette smoking, a patient related risk factor, is a common habit. It has been under scrutiny for long due to a progressive number of diseases directly or indirectly linked with it 20.The toxic byproducts of the cigarette smoke have been implicated to influence general health 21.The oral cavity, being the first point of contact for cigarette smoke and heat, may be equally affected22. The implant insertion may be compared to the healing process after bone fracture and involves the same process18. The presence of the cigarette components

Blot1,WJ & McLaughlin, JK & Winn, DM & Austin, DF & Greenberg, RS & Preston-Martin, S & Bernstein, L & Schoenberg, JB & Stemhagen, A & Fraumeni, JF(1988), “Smoking and Drinking in Relation to Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer”, Cancer Res., Vol. 48.

Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease that affects the soft and hard structures that support the teeth (Periodontal disease fact sheet, n.d.). When bleeding upon probing and gingiva inflammation occurs, periodontal disease is classified as gingivitis. When bone loss, attachment loss and deep pocking greater than 5 mm occurs, then periodontal disease is classified as periodontitis. This periodontal disease is highly prevalent in US population and has become major public health concern in the United States.

2. The increased cancer risk associated with gum disease did not show any difference between smokers and non-smokers.

III. The rise in the number of cases of oral cancer are being diagnosed in young adults and can are directly related to lifestyle choices.

As stated by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, “Each year, more than 30,000 new cases of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx are diagnosed and over 8,000 deaths due to oral cancer occur.” (CDC). Most adults are unaware that they have periodontal disease or gum disease, this occurs because they do not maintain routine checkups with their dentist. When we insert food and other bacteria into our mouths, it affects our teeth and gums. We need routine dental checkups and cleanings throughout our lives. Dental checkups usually involve x-rays, cleanings, and the examination of the mouth.