Patent Ductus Arteriosus Research Paper

Premature babies sometimes have apnea. It may happen together with a slow heart rate. Respiratory distress syndrome or RDS is a breathing problem most common in babies born before 34 weeks of pregnancy.” Babies with RDS don’t have a protein called surfactant that keeps small air sacs in the lungs from collapsing. “Intraventricular hemorrhage or IVH is bleeding in the brain. It usually happens near the ventricles in the center of the brain. A ventricles is a space in the brain that’s filled with fluid. Patent ductus ateriosus or PDA is a heart problem that happens in the connection between two major blood vessels near the heart. If the ductus do not close properly after birth, a baby can have breathing problems or heart failure. Heart failure is when enough blood can’t get pumped into the heart causing it to shut down. Necrotizing enter colitis (NEC) is a problem with a baby’s intestines. It causes feeding problems, a swollen belly and diarrhea. It sometimes happens 2 to 3 weeks after a premature bay has been born. Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is an abnormal growth of blood vessels in the eye. ROP can lead to vision loss. Jaundice is when a baby's eyes and skin look yellow. A baby has jaundice when his liver isn't fully developed or isn't working well. Anemia is when a baby doesn’t have enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen to the rest of the body. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a lung condition that can develop in premature babies as well as babies who have treatment with a breathing machine. Babies with BPD sometimes develop fluid in the lungs, scarring and lung damage. Premature babies often have trouble fighting off germs because their immune systems are not fully formed. Infections that may affect a premature baby include pneumonia, a lung infection; sepsis, a blood infection; and meningitis, an infection in the fluid around the brain and

AS can occur in the congenital period or later in life, but is more common in adults due to lack of exercise, and nutrition causing calcium buildup. If it is congenital it will occur within the first eight weeks of pregnancy, which the cause is unknown. In a child with AS, the pressure is much higher than normal in the left chamber pumping. Blood that has leaked back into the left ventricle through the valve in between heartbeats, causing the ventricle to be enlarged. There are three stages of AS. Stage A occurs in patients with bicuspid aortic valve or aortic sclerosis who are symptom free but are at risk for AS. In stage B people have progressive AS with mild or moderate calcify valve leaflets, leaflets mobility, or mild or

Additionally, using a stethoscope, a doctor will often hear a heart murmur caused by the blood blowing through the atrial septal defect. It is not uncommon for a murmur to not be detected right at birth. PAPVR isn 't hereditary but is a result of when the veins don 't come together and grow properly

Premature birth has been linked to a vast array of lungs problems, the earlier the birth the greater risk of health complications(Davis R and Mychaliska G, 2013). A majority of the health problems will affect the infant for the rest of their life (Davis R and Mychaliska G, 2013). Infants born between the canalicular and the saccular period (week 25) have lung development that is unsuitable for gas exchange (Davis R and Mychaliska G, 2013). Two major complications that arise with undeveloped lungs is bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and pulmonary arterial hypertension (Mahgoub L. et al. 2017).

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), one of the more common cardiac defects at birth, is the persistence of an opening between the pulmonary artery and the descending thoracic aorta. This opening is as a result of failure of the physiological fetus ductus arteriosus to close, which normally occurs soon after birth. This hole allows for oxygenated blood from the aorta to mix with oxygen-depleted blood from the pulmonary artery. As a consequence, significant strain is placed on the heart and pressure within the lungs’ arteries is dramatically increased.

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. Tufts had in 2013 a 18.9% acceptance rate, to some applying it might not seam like a very. strong and encouraging number. Truncus Arteriosus affects 1 in 10,000 births, this seems like quite a low number as well. Not to me, I am the 1 in 10,000.

The pulmonary valve is one of the semi lunar valve next to aortic valve, lying between the right ventricle and the Pulmonary artery which takes deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it into the heart. Generally tricuspid, the pulmonary valve is considered simpler in anatomical sense. A semi lunar valve separates a ventricle from a blood vessel which the ventricle leads into in its flow path of blood. The absence of chordae tendinae is prominent in the semilunar valves. The pulmonary leaflets are names based on the anatomic orientation to the aortic valve faces that lie adjacent to the pulmonary trunk. The commissures of the right and left leaflets are supported by the supraventricular crest of the right ventricle which separates the pulmonary valve from the tricuspid valve. The left cusp is in the anterior region of the interventricular septum while the anterior cusp is located on the delicate wall of the pulmonary conus. Meanwhile the right cusp is on the

A rare congenital defect, HLHS is characterized by an underdevelopment of structures of the left side of the heart, including the left ventricle, mitral valve, aorta, and aortic arch. The aortic and mitral valves may either be severely stenosed or completely absent. Altered heart structure interferes with normal outflow of oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart, and survival is dependent on a functioning right ventricle and

Isolated case reports, however, provide the only information about the evolution in the uterus of this spectrum of diseases in the second and third trimesters, and they suggest potential progression in the degree of left heart hypoplasia. Therefore, in the present study, the researchers retrospectively reviewed the prenatal and postnatal echocardiograms of 21 fetuses with left heart obstructive lesions. Table 1 shows the research that was found on the 21 fetuses (Hornberger et al; 1995). The researcher also attempted to identify prenatal features that could indicate the severity of postnatal left heart obstruction and hypoplasia. Fetuses were divided into groups according to whether postnatally the left heart was capable or incapable of supporting the systemic circulation in the presence of a patent aortic valve. Group 3 included fetuses with aortic atresia. At the initial examination, left heart dimensions were normal or reduced, with the most unusually small measurements in group 3. Three fetuses in group 2 and most in group 1 had normal initial left heart dimensions. Subsequent growth of left heart structures either paralleled normal growth or was reduced, the latter resulting in the development or progression of left heart hypoplasia. All left heart dimensions grew more slowly in group 2 and group 3 than in group 1. Other prenatal features observed only in groups 2 and 3 included reversed or bidirectional foramen ovale flow and retrograde distal arch flow. Initial mid-trimester mitral valve and the growth rates of all left heart structures correlated strongly with postnatal left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, there could be additional indicators of postnatal disease severity. In group 1, one fetus developed severe aortic stenosis late in

Keywords: brain natriuretic peptide (BNP); bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD); patent ductus arteriosus (PDA); persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN)

Coarctation of the aorta(COA) is a common congenital heart defect that is found in 6-8% of infants with congenital heart disease,and is more common in males than females. Risk factors associated with COA includes presence of heart defects including patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect, or abnormalities of the mitral, bicuspid, or aortic valves and the Turner syndrome in females.

People with clogged arteries do not often show symptoms. Until a major event happens. Such as a heart attack or stroke. My dad had two clogged arteries. Which he than had to get surgery. I felt devastated when, I heard the news that my dad needed surgery. When someone needs hurt surgery, there is always a possibility that they won't make it. Seeing as my dad is the most important person in my life (other than my fiancee) it defiantly hurt. The process my dad want through. The emotional way it made me fell, mentally and psychically, and what also happen to my step mom while taking care of my dad.

Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are the most prevalent of all birth defects and the leading cause of death in the first year of life, (1) with an annual prevalence ranging from six to twelve affected infants per 1,000 live births. (2)

The cause is really not known. This is also a cyanotic heart defect. The baby will have a grey or blue appearance in the lips and fingers. The symptoms are a heart murmur, breathing problems, SOB, rapid breathing, difficulty eating or