Parkinson 's Disease ( Pd )

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), when cognitive symptoms appear within a year of movement problems, is a complex and challenging neurodegenerative disorder. (Pervin, Edwards & Lippa, 2016). It is complex because the DLB pathology and its impact on certain brain regions are unclear. The pathology includes Lewy bodies, senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. It is challenging because its many core features make it difficult for individuals to perform activities of daily living. The core clinical features comprise of declining and fluctuating cognition, behavioural and psychotic behaviours and spontaneous signs of parkinsonism.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder, concomitant with neuronal loss predominantly in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and inclusions comprising of the synaptic protein, α-synuclein (α-syn). Recent developments have advanced our understanding on the multitude of inter-mingled deleterious factors contributing to PD neuropathological aetiologies. These encompass “cell autonomous” processes, for instance, autophagy, and mitochondrial dysfunction, and “non-cell autonomous” processes, which embrace trans-synaptic transmission of abnormal proteins and neuro-inflammation (Foltynie and Kahan; 2012). Although the “prion-like” nature of pathological α-syn is a theme of intense research

By the time someone shows signs and symptoms of Parkinson 's, Dopamine production in the brain has been reduced by 60 to 80% and is fairly advanced. This results in the most recognizable sign of Parkinson 's disease, the resting tremor of the hand or hands. During deliberate movement, the resting tremor goes away, at first. At rest, the tremor will become exacerbated,

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disorder of the central Nervous system and affects both motor and nonmotor functions. parkinson 's is caused by a chemical imbalance within the brain. The brain produces a neurotransmitter called dopamine in the basal ganglia, which is structures linked to the thalamus in the base of the brain. If the Dopamine, Basal ganglia and Thalamus does not function properly then causes major damage,. A person having less and less dopamine, the individual has less and less ability to regulate their movements, body and emotions. Although there is no current cure available for Parkinson’s disease, the debilitating conditions can be lessoned through education, therapy, and a variety of treatments to improve their quality of life on the National Parkinson Foundation website.

Parkinson disease (PD) is one of the most common neurologic disorders. and it affects approximately 1% of individuals older than 60 years old. Parkinson’s disease is a condition that progresses slowly by treatment. In addition, loss of pigmented dopaminergic neurons of the substantianigra pars compacta and the presence of Lewy bodies and Lewyneurites are the two major neuropathologic findings in Parkinson disease (Hauser, 2016).

Parkinson's disease affects the way you move. It happens when there is a problem with certain nerve cells in the brain. Normally, these nerve cells make an important chemical called dopamine. Dopamine sends signals to the part of your brain that controls movement. Some conspiracy theories makes us happy by creating a picture where hitler was finally reduced to a trembling, almost rigid person with the mood swings of a woman at her worst PMS, shambling through a burnt, destroyed, and pillaged Nazi regime because he was inflicted by parkinson's disease in the final days of his life. Although it is rumored that hitler really had this disease. It was highly unlikely that he died from it due to the fact that parkinson's disease does not kill by

PD is increasingly recognized as an extensive multi-system disease with widespread neurological impairment, affecting a variety of brain regions not directly involved in motor control. The extranigral pathology includes the olfactory bulb, the dorsal motor nucleus of the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves, the intermediate reticular zone, subnuclei of the reticular formation and the raphe system, the locus coeruleus (LC), regions of the basal forebrain, many subnuclei of the thalamus and amygdala, and, in severe cases, the neocortex [64-67]. In 2003, Heiko Braak and colleagues [68] traced the course of the pathology in incidental PD cases and developed a staging procedure based on the location of α-synuclein-containing inclusion bodies, also

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are the most widespread age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Both diseases impact a considerable number of people, where AD occurs in around 10 percent of the population greater than the age of 65 while PD occurs in roughly 1 percent of the population above the age of 65. AD is considered to be the most widespread cause of dementia, characterised by the progressive memory and cognitive deficits which impair ones day to day activities. The pathological hallmark of AD comprises of extracellular accumulation of senile plaques consisting of mainly amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides, along with neurofibrillary tangles which are composed of the phosphorylated tau protein, located in the hippocampus and cortex. Conversely, PD is considered to be the most widespread movement disorder that is characterised by symptoms such as rigidity slow movements, resting tremor and other instabilities. The extreme loss of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra is what defines PD, as the loss of this nerve cell can be linked to Lewy bodies containing aggregates of a soluble protein called α-synuclein.

Prominent pathological facet of Parkinson’s Disease(PD) is the accumulation of intracytoplasmic lewy bodies caused by dominant mutations in ⍺-synuclein gene (SNCA). Recent studies suggest the role of toxic ⍺-synuclein oligomers in impairing several important cellular activities such as redox stability, mitochondrial functions, proteasomal and lysosomal degradation. Previous studies using a mouse model overexpressing A53T-SNCA by Mahalakshmi et al in Prof. Jochen Roeper’s lab, has found that under in-vivo conditions there is a Sustantia Nigra (SN) selective increase in action potential

Many people around the world today suffer from Parkinson’s disease and other movement disorders. A movement disorder is a disorder impairing the speed, fluency, quality, and ease of movement. There are many types of movement disorders such as impaired fluency and speed of movement (dyskinesia), excessive movements (hyperkinesia), and slurred movements (hypokinesia). Some types of movement disorders are ataxia, a lack of coordination, Huntington's disease, multiple system atrophies, myoclonus, brief, rapid outbursts of movement, progressive supranuclear palsy, restless legs syndrome, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, tics, Tourette's syndrome, tremor, Wilson disease, dystonia, which causes involuntary body movement, and Parkinson's disease. Parkinson’s disease, Tourette’s syndrome, and tics are one of the most widely known of these disorders, known to impair people of movements and rob them of their lives.

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized mainly by physical and psychological disabilities. This disorder was named after James Parkinson, an English physician who first described it as shaking palsy in 1817 (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). Jean- Martin Charcot, who was a French neurologist, then progressed and further refined the description of the disease and identified other clinical features of PD (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). PD involves the loss of cells that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine in a part of the brain stem called the substansia nigra, which results in several signs and symptoms (Byrd, Marks, and Starr, 2000). It is manifested clinically by tremor,

Rongve notes, “…there are currently no data suggesting that the course or treatment of dementia with Lewy bodies differs from that of PDD, and thus the distinction between dementia with Lewy bodies and PDD is not of major clinical importance”. This has to do with the fact that Parkinson’s disease, Parkinson’s disease dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies all have pathology that involves neuronal loss and inclusion bodies comprised of alpha-synuclein, also known as Lewy bodies (Rongve). Since the disease state of the patient has very similar and overlapping pathologies, the treatment of these diseases will also be comparable and overlap. It has been shown that physical exercise can increase blood flow to the brain and aid in improved cognitive function, along with helping in motor function, balance and muscle strength (Aarsland). The increase in cognition may be due to the increased blood flow to the cerebrum, resulting in increased function of the neurons, and aid in neurogenesis, which will also have an effect on the cerebral and cerebellar tissues involved in motor function, balance, and muscle tone. One of the causes of PD is the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, so patients are given cholinesterase inhibitors such as rivastigmine (Poewe). With the destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, the goal is to extend the action of

Due to years of research for Parkinson’s, a current theory known as Braak’s Hypothesis, discusses that the beginning signs for the disease is found in the nervous system, medulla, and olfactory bulb. According to Braak and his colleagues they have found that, “The Braak hypothesis not only proposes that lower brainstem pathology is a necessary pre-condition for the occurrence of PD, but also that it is sufficient. In other words, there is such a compelling liklihood that Stage 1 or Stage 2 synuclein pathology will evolve to Stages 3 or 4, and, more importantly, evolve to manifest clinical parkinsonism that this pathology can be considered to represent “early PD”, as has been claimed. (NCBI)” This hypothesis

Parkinson’s Disease is a very common disorder these days. Over 10 million people live daily with Parkinson worldwide. Parkinson’s Disease was named after an English surgeon James Parkinson who wrote a detailed description essay called Shaking Palsy in 1817. The average age for Parkinson’s Disease is between 45 to 70 years old but you can also have juvenile or young onset as well. Most common symptoms of Parkinson are tremors, bradykinesia or akinesia, or rigidity or stiffness, and balance disorder. Parkinson’s Disease doesn’t have a cure and the cause is unknown it could be a number of things genetics, environmental triggers, age, or gender. Parkinson’s Disease happens because the dopaminergic neuron dies and

This form of dementia accounts for 5-15% of dementia cases. Dementia with Lewy Bodies shares similar signs and symptoms with Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease. This dementia forms due to tiny deposits of a protein called alpha-synuclein, also known as Lewy bodies (Peter V. Rabins, 2012). The signs and symptoms that individuals present with are attention problems, hallucinations, memory loss and motor impairments that are associated with Parkinson’s Disease. This form of dementia is can be difficult to diagnose because the early stages can look like Alzheimer’s disease. Also, it can be difficult because Lewy bodies are present in Parkinson’s Disease as well (Services U. D.,