PSA: Prostate Infection

Level 2: The values obtained through RST are promoted for PSO Produces 98% Optimistic Disease

Second is age- and race-specific PSA reference ranges. Age- and race-specific PSA reference ranges compare the PSA test results among men in the same group. Third is Percent-free PSA (fPSA) is the percentage of the total PSA that is unbound. Evidence suggests that fPSA is lower in men who have prostate cancer compared with men who do not. Fourth are the complexed PSA (cPSA) test measures the amount of bound PSA circulating in the blood. Fifth is the PSA density (PSAD) which is a test sometimes used by doctors in patients who have a large prostate gland. To determine PSAD, the PSA value (ng/mL) is divided by the volume (size in cubic centimeters) of the prostate. The size of the prostate gland is determined by Tran’s rectal ultrasound (TRUS), a procedure that uses sound waves to create a picture of the prostate. ( (Diagnosis))

* By using the dropper and measuring cylinder, 3ml of 1% lipase was added into the test tube

A female breast consists of fatty and fibrous connective tissues. The interior of the breast is divided into about twenty different sections called lobes. Each of the lobes is further divided in to lobules, which are structures that contain small milk-producing glands. These glands place the milk into tiny ducts. These ducts take the milk through out the breast and store in a chamber located below the nipple.

During a routine medical examination his doctor found blood in his urine. A prostate specific antigen (PSA) test was done that revealed a PSA of 50u/l. His only symptoms were sluggish morning urinary flow.

He has finished his medication. He has a little hesitancy of 20-30 seconds generally, but not in the morning his stream is good. There is no dribbling. He declines a recheck of his prostate. He feels his symptoms are resolved. He continues to have some testicular or epididymal pain, but this is managed with ibuprofen and he wishes no further evaluation for this. He has some burning and bleeding of his hemorrhoids and requests a refill of his hemorrhoid suppositories.

The first reason being the level accuracy of PSA testing is questionable. The test determines a positive for the cancer based on the levels of prostate-specific antigens in the blood of the patient, which can be abnormally high for multiple other reasons not related to prostate cancer. The major evidence supporting said claim is that individuals with more than 4.0 ng per mL (the threshold to test positive) can have false positive rates of 70% (Mulhem 2). The second reason would be the implications of testing positive for prostate cancer, including but not limited to unnecessary treatment of the disease. While the analysis does not back up unnecessary treatment with any statistical evidence, it does go to explain further tests and procedures to confirm and understand the nature of the patient’s condition. This bleeds over to the negative physical and psychological side-effects of regular prostate cancer screening cited by the analysis. Mulhem explains that after testing positive for prostate cancer, more tests are performed to determine the accuracy of the screening and if so, reveal the specificities of the cancer. The most common of these tests being the prostate biopsy, a procedure that causes a significant portion of participants to develop moderate to severe problems requiring a follow-up with their doctor (Mulhem

In the case for PSA screening, PCa is the leading internal malignancy in US men and the second leading cause of cancer death in American men. Early detection of prostate cancers offers the best chance of cure. The PSA blood test is the best chance of cure. Currently, the PSA blood test is the best currently available way to detect PCa and it is easy, safe and inexpensive. PSA test results is a piece of information, it is what doctors do with the information that becomes the issue. However, the great majority of PSA detected tumors have the histologic characteristics of clinically important cancers. Also, PSA detection has found tumors early advancing the diagnosis by Seeral years (5-13) and prostate cancer mortality rates in U.S have decreased by 4% (patho book) since 1992, which is 5 years after initiation of prostate screenings. The dilemma is over treating the clinically unimportant disease versus under

A normal prostate is composed of glandular epithelial and fibromuscular stroma section. The glandular portion is contains a large peripheral zone and small central zone, making up the majority of the gland. The rest of it is composed of the transition zone and the peri-uerthral glands, where mainly benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The cancerous forms occur most in the peripheral zone (~60-70%) and in the transition zone (10-20%), but rarely in the transition zone (5-10%).9

Using the Biuret method, the total serum-protein concentration in the patient and control samples was measured approximately 6.4% and 7.45%, respectively. The percent difference of the two trials in the patient samples was 1.6%, whereas that of the control samples was 0.67%.

Breast caner appears in the milk-producing glands of the breast tissue. Groups of glands in normal breast tissue are called lobules. The products of these glands are secreted into a

According to Ferrante, Shaw, and Scott (2011), prostate cancer is the most common cancer and second most common cancer death among men in the United States. Early detection permits appropriate and timely management, which can allow clinicians to treat the cancer effectively. When detected at early or regional stage, prostate cancer has a five-year survival rate of about 100%. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the most widely used tumor marker and was approved by the FDA in 1994 as an aid in the early detection of prostate cancer (Duffy, 2011). PSA screening helps detect prostate cancer earlier, at lower clinical stages, and with a lower Gleason score (Cho et al., 2015).

Researchers and scientists continue to evaluate what factors cause prostate cancer and what can be done to reduce their risks factors. Research plays a valuable role the more knowledge that is gained about the molecular and cellular events underlying prostate cancer and how these events can be interrupted the better we can react to defeating this cancer. While there is no verified way to completely prevent this disease, there are actions that one can take to lower susceptibility. It is important to determine which dietary elements correlate with altered risk of prostate cancer, and how risk may be reduced through chemoprevention. (National Cancer Institute, 1998) High levels of testosterone may increase the development of prostate cancer. For this reason it is extremely uncommon for a man who no longer creates testosterone to develop prostate cancer. And, stopping the body’s production of testosterone, called Androgen deprivation therapy, often shrinks advanced prostate cancer. See the Treatment Options section for more information. (“Prostate Cancer: Risk Factors and Prevention,” 2014) As previously noted screening for prostate cancer is done to find traces of cancer in otherwise healthy men. The two most commonly used tests to screen for prostate cancer are: the PSA blood test and digital rectal examination (DRE). A DRE is a test in which the doctor inserts a gloved lubricated finger into a man’s rectum and feels the surface of the prostate for any irregularities. (“Prostate Cancer: Risk Factors and Prevention,”

Prostate cancer is a cancer relating to the prostate, a gland located in front of the rectum and below the urinary bladder (ACS 2015). Prostate cancer only affects the male population because the prostate gland is only found in the male reproductive system (FIS 2015). Among the males in the world, certain males are at higher risk than others due to certain risk factors. One of the biggest risk factors is age (PCF 2015). Only 1 in 10000 men under the age of 40 will be diagnosed with prostate cancer however 1 in 38 men between the ages of 40 – 59 will be diagnosed (PCF 2015). This then shoots up further to 1 in 14 men among the age of 60-69 (PCF 2015). Over 65% of all prostate cancer diagnoses are in men that are over the age of 65 (PCF 2015).

external genitalia, prostate, epididymis, and semen. In both genders, it can be in the lumen and