PGD Disadvantages

Knight and Samurai DBQ The many different similarities and differences of knights and samurais show that the minds of their time thought very much the the same. For example, the armor had many similarities and differences. Including that they are both very heavy and are very hard to carry (Doc. D). The main purpose of armor is to keep the person inside safe.

A Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) is a test that “allows future parents to detect genetic defects that cause inherited disease in human embryos before they are implanted.” One of the most ethical questions that one might ask before considering the PGD is whether the benefits of genetic knowledge outweigh harmful effects that occur to the embryo? Is it really worth manipulating embryos genes in order to achieve the desire of the parents? Often times we have to take into considerations the risk and benefits of each situation. I believe that the PGD test should be only be done to detect genetic defects, but it should not be used to manipulate genes in order to make what to them is a “perfect” child. As stated in our text, “ In the united Kingdom alteration of an embryos genes, even for gene therapy or cloning embryos is illegal.” By manipulating genes its like going against Gods wishes. In the eyes of God every person that comes into this world is equally seen as a human being because they are all created in “ the image of God.” In this case the parents should not be allowed to manipulate the genes of their unborn child just to accommodate to their

This can come as a blessing to some couple who have a high genetic genes for certain diseases. This has also, helped couples who have very sever fertility issues. There are new techniques being used for genetic screening right now. The process works when an embryo can be selected by sex and then checked for a number certain disease-bearing genes on it. This can lead to either a pre-implantation stage when using In Vitro Fertilization, only

PGD can be helpful in determining an unknown genetic history for a child. A surrogate who may not know who the father is can now be tested and gain information that will be helpful to know the risks and genetics. The

To consider beneficence, the health professional and prospective parents must be certain that there actually will be some benefit and understand that there is a great risk of being unable to produce a child, therefore resulting in no benefit, and possibly causing harm, both physically and emotionally. They must also consider whether it is worth the risk, and that solely depends on the details of the situation. Would it benefit all parties, including the child? If there is a higher health risk to the mother to go through pregnancy, does the benefit outweigh

Another big benefit of testing is the ability to know in advance the health of a baby. It is no longer necessary for parents to be to have to worry about the health of their child. The technology is there to know in advance. Some people have major health problems in their family. This testing could make it possible for them to give birth to healthy long living children. The whole point of prenatal genetic testing is to improve life through good health. There are enough things

But there could be some pro and cons, some pros and cons from futrueforall.org are “reduces risk of genetic diseases, reduces risk of inherited medical conditions, keep pace with others doing it, better chance the child will succeed in life, better understanding of genetics, increased life span, can give a child genes that the parents do not carry, prevent next generation of family from getting characteristics/diseases. “ But with pro there could be cons too “termination of embryos, could create a gap in society, possibility of damage to the gene pool, baby has no choice in the matter, genes often have more than one

Firstly, being able to detect genetic disorders, such as Down Syndrome, could result in the parents aborting the fetus. Margaret Somerville said in Choosing The Perfect Child,"In short, the new genetics is functioning as eugenics, but that fact is not identified. Decisions by individuals based on preimplantation genetic diagnosis of IVF embryos, or prenatal screening of foetuses mean we will eliminate certain groups of people, for example, Down's Syndrome children, from our society. In short, an outcome that would never be acceptable as public policy is being implemented through the accumulation of individual choices”(actionlife.org). To abort a child because of their genes are incorrect and need extra assistance with daily chores is selfish and inhuman. Not to mention, if a family had PGD on their child and received a false positive result, the unborn child could very well be killed needlessly. Then secondly, if all PGD got rid of all genetically transferred diseases, it could affect the world’s population. Since more lives would be saved, the world’s population would increase at an alarming rate. It would cause the the world’s resources dwindle down extensively and make the resources very

Doctors will be able to obtain more precise test results… Rather than knowing an embryo is just plain positive for a disease, doctors would be able to predict the severity and the possibility of preventing or treating the disease. Other concerns, such as eugenics, insurance companies, fear of the unknown, effects on genetic diversity, and deciding who should be offered these genetic determining tests can all be brought under control”. (Heath.M, 1996) As it said in the quote, this technology can be developed to be even better so that it will be very precise. “PGD can test for more than 100 different genetic conditions.” (n.p, 2012) This would give an almost perfect guarantee that the child would be disease

Any additional embryos with no genetic issues can be frozen for later use if the parents decide to do so. In contrast, embryos with any problematic genes are destroyed. The PGD technology is used to help destroy numerous diseases in order for the doctors to combat them, and to help create a healthy baby. There has been much debate over the extent to which it is justifiable for the US government to allow the use of PGD in the United States. One of these topics that raises debate includes the high price of performing PGD through IVF. Couples around the United States have been paying clinics or fertility centers for PGD because of their fears of passing on diseases to their offspring. The average cost for one cycle of In-Vitro Fertilization is around 1,000 dollars (Gurevich 1). This cost excludes PGD, which is an additional 3,000 dollars. Although the cost of the procedure is excessive, the outcomes are well worth

Because PGD usually is carried out by gametes prepared from parents. But parents who is confirmed by PGD to have a high risk of transmition of inherited genetic mutation to their children and want to have their own children, their gametes can be edited directly by Crisper/cas9 to create healthy children.Nowdays germ line genome editing by programmable nuclease such as Crisper/cas9 is the most useful tool to treat genetic diseases with high risk of inheritance mutation transmition.

It can also be used to test for Tay-Sachs Disease, Fragile-X Mental Retardation, Cystic Fibrosis, Down Syndrome and Spinal Muscular Atrophy. In the past couples who wanted to have childr en, and were carriers of inherited diseases, worried about the possibility of their children inheriting the disease. Parents will no longer have this worry. In 1989, an English couple became the first to use PGD [Grady,1995]. It was used because they were at risk of passing along a form of severe mental retardation. Because it only affected sons, PGD was used to ensure that the couple had a daughter.

PGD is known as pre-implantation genetic diagnosing. I do not think it is ethical to design and conceive a child that meets specific genetic requirements. I do not feel that this is an ethical reason to conceive a child. Rather, I believe all children should be seen as blessings or gifts, not sacrificial genetic progeny.

Instead preventing them from getting the illnesses, it may do the opposite. According the article “Designer Babies,” “The cell Biopsies performed during PGD and PGS can traumatize the embryo” (2). This quote shows that this procedure involves delicate processes that could be extremely harmful if done incorrectly and can cause future problems for the children as the older. One should not support modifying babies because gene modification leads to discrimination, it is unethical, and expensive.

High costs causing a social divide and removing genes are likely to have greater significance than mental strain, risk of cancer and decreased fertility. This is because both have an impact on society and evolution. They will impact evolution because future generations will no longer inherit genetic conditions and can only develop them through mutation, making the population stronger, healthier and free of conditions. This impacts society as the rich will be the ones without conditions and the poor who can’t afford PGD will still have them. The rich will pass on their good genes and the poor will pass on their bad genes through many generations causing society to be impacted across the world and into the future causing social divides. Implications such as higher risks of cancer and mental strain are not as significant because they only impact the people directly involved in the process. The mental strain the people experience is only temporary and does not impact the whole world or offspring from the process, only the people involved at that moment. The higher risk of cancer, decreased fertility and Ovarian Hyper Stimulation Syndrome also only affect people directly involved in the process and if offspring are produced they will not be affected because they are unable to inherit the implications because they don’t occur in the gametes or they occur later in life.