Deceit in orchids have proved advantageous in floral and species diversification. The article,”Orchid diversity; an evolutionary consequence of deception?” was written by Salvatore Cozzollino and Alex Widmer. In this article they discuss two types of deceptions in orchids: food deception and sexual deception. These methods of deception, which are used for pollination, have proved successful where there are pollinator limitations. However, where there are successes there are also consequences. Some factors that orchid deception effects are: mating systems, the evolution of reproductive isolation, and the evolution of speciation. To understand these consequences is to better understand how these deceptive orchids have become successful. …show more content…
This genetic flow can help maximize outcrossing rates and genetic diversity, which translates into larger population sizes in deceptive orchids. While reproductive isolation benefits from outcrossing, it more specifically benefits from orchids’ pollinator specificity. Around 60-70% of orchids have just a one pollinator species. This specificity is the main prezygotic reproductive isolation mechanism for the orchids. However, this high specificity in deceptive orchids can be unclear. It depends more on the pollinator specificity of the most deceptive orchids- the food deceptive orchids. Food deceptive orchids that are sympatric often share pollinators. This can lead to species’ barriers to be broken and hybridization, which subsequently, leads to low fertility and fitness in hybridized deceptive orchids. The low fitness of these orchids that share (no specific pollinator) or have a weak pollinator specificity indicates a late postzygotic reproductive isolation rather than a prezygotic.This is due to species sharing pollinator specificity causing a greater divergence in karyotypes than those who are pollinated by specific pollinators. In regards to speciation in deceptive orchids, pollinators have an undeniable connection¬. A specific example would be in the sexually deceptive Mediterranean Ophrys species. In these orchids, since there are slight differences in its active floral odor compounds, they are able to attract
I learned that each individual section of the plant/flower structure has its own use. The petals of a flower are used to attract insects or smaller animals while the anther produces pollen. The pollen that is produced by the anther is carried by insects or animals to the pistil of another flower where it may fertilize the eggs.
Answer = Even though with there being an abundance of one or more flower in comparison to the rest of them,
In the chapter , at “The Western Place” , Brave Orchid sends for her sister Moon Orchid to come to America and to confront her husband who is living another life and is remarried. However, conflict arises as the two sisters have complete opposite thoughts and personalities. Brave Orchids whose name completely describes her - urges her sister to visit her husband. However, while Moon Orchid is completely fine without her husband, she feels pressured by her sister to do what was asked of her. While Brave Orchid is the complete package of what a chinese woman and her traditions would represent while living the American lifestyle- Moon Orchid is rather surprised by the actions of her sister and nieces and nephews. For
In The Orchid Thief, the Seminole Indians are found to be collaborating with Laroche to smuggle the rare orchid flowers out of Florida. This may be indicative of their absolute passion for the flowers and disregard for the federal government. It also explains the economic conditions of the Seminole Indians that might have motivated them to take part in this extraordinary plan. This along with the fact that the Seminole Indians are extremely proud of their history and their land seems to point to a contradiction in their
The emperor moth, or Saturnia pavonia, is a species of moth most notable for its beautiful collection of four eyespots on its wings; two on its front wings and two on its back wings. Because the eyespots are so visible and prominent on the wings of the moth, it can be proposed that this trait was adapted by the moth to increase its chances of viability by intimidating or confusing predators, compared to the common heath moth Ematurga atomaria which is a simple brown or grey colour (i.e. no eyespots). Eyespots on an organism is an example of mimicry – when an organism evolves a specific trait that is similar to a different organism (usually a predator), which in turn can help to improve its chances of survival. The theory behind mimicry proposes that the certain traits that a species adapts (in this case, eyespots), appear as confusing to predators, therefore hindering the predator’s ability to accurately perceive the identity of the species which allows said species even the slightest chance to escape from harm’s way (Howse 2013). There is also proof that large eyespots, such as those on the Saturnia pavonia, are beneficial to the organism because they are visibly similar to the eyes of predators such as owls (Howse 2013). The results from one experiment conducted by Blest (1957) studied the number of averted attacks by birds on a butterfly with eyespots compared to the number of averted attacks on a butterfly with the eyespots concealed from rubbing the wings (Stevens).
The wasp and the sycamore fig tree has a complex relationship in which they both are dependent on each other for survival. On top of that, they also play a major role in the ecosystem by providing resources to other organisms as well. The fig tree and the wasps has a mutualistic relationship in which that they both benefit one another. The fig tree is a place where the wasp lay its eggs but in order for them to do so the male wasp cuts down the flowers and chop down the antler for the female wasp and the female wasp mission is to carry the queen's pollen to other trees. The female wasp scraps out the pollen and pack it in its special pockets. The wasp pollinate the flowers and lay their eggs before they die, some of the flowers will become
These flowers serve as a constant reminder of this fertility-- not just to the reader, but also to the handmaids, whose main purpose is to reproduce. They are everywhere in the setting: a “watercolor picture of blue irises” (14) in Offred’s room; a “fanlight of colored glass: flowers red and blue” (15) at the end of the hallway just outside that room; the bathroom, “papered in small blue flowers, forget-me-nots, with curtains to match” (74); on the dining room table, “white cloth, silver, flowers” (78); the “magic flower,” the “withered daffodil” (115) Offred steals from Serena’s Parlor; the “starry canopy of silver flowers” (233) adorning the Commander’s bed. The flowers serve as hidden, almost subconscious reminders of the handmaids’ sole purpose of fertility; they are usually mentioned offhandedly, as miniscule, unimportant, yet ever-present details. However, they are sometimes more directly noted and compared to ideas of fertility, as in the case of Serena Joy’s
In insect species with indirect sperm transfer, sperm is packed in a spermatophore that is either externally attached to the female 's genital opening or introduced into her bursa copulatrix. Sperm transfer is not immediate in these species, and consequently mate guarding has been suggested to function as a mechanism of guarding sperm until it is released from the spermatophore into the female (i.e. spermatophore guarding). Spermatophore guarding is relatively common in insect species with external spermatophores (e.g. Orthoptera; Alcock 1994; Simmons 2001), but supposedly absent in species with internal spermatophores and rapid sperm release (Simmons 2001). This study focuses on two hypothesis associated with mate guarding a tactic of many species that adjust their reproductive behaviour according to the apparent risk of sperm competition. The phenomenon of mate guard to consider sperm competition levels and evolution of internal spermatophore guard is wide spread in insects and other animals. We analyse two hypothesis one the rival exclusion followed by the next spermatophore renewal hypothesis. Results showed that as rival was introduced to the arena of mating of the distinctive original male (guard) in many cases showed a strong aggressive behaviour regardless of whether successively avert the rival. In the second hypothesis certainly majority of the incidents showed an attempt of
That night, the plants had a second secret meeting to discuss AGAIN on how to stop the problem. Not unlike the first meeting, the leafy green geniuses ran the gathering into the ground, until a tiny African daisy had a idea. That light bulb that went off inside of it’s tiny brain didn’t appeal much to others. It thought they should try and hybridize together
1. In gorgonzolas, there are three recessive traits that affect the organism’s appeal: shrunken fruit, foul-smelling flowers, and short height. A heterozygote was crossed with a homozygote, yielding the following offspring:
Throughout this novel Pittman goes on to describe the obsession that these orchid lovers have over these flowers such as when luer , a dapper man dedicated to science and ultimately making the Selby botanical gardens an attention to just orchids. Pittman writes “they were fascinated by it- a leafless green plant, the flowers of which resembles the ghoulish ghost of a frog leaping in midair. ”(p.21). As I have seen orchids myself that is a precise and exquisite beauty to them that could allow an individual to become completely engrossed in their beauty which is why Selby ultimately opened up this botanical garden. However as a nature and plant lover myself I wish that Pittman would have better familiarized his audience with the natural history of the flower or just about orchids in general.
One attraction close to Ball State is the Orchid Greenhouse. The Orchid Greenhouse was created by a group of Ball State students and is now used to conserve rare and endangered species of orchids. Ball State created the Wheeler-Thanhauser Collection to conserve rare and endangered species of orchids. They display orchids with other tropical plants to give you the feeling of being in a small tropical environment. A tropical display room has an exhibit with edible plants such as coffee, banana, cinnamon, vanilla, and more.
Orlean has done a good job trying to make the readers understand what Laroche found appealing in these orchids. The story revealed that they are the largest flowering-plant family on earth, which meant that “a collector who wants one of every orchid species will die before even coming close.”
According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, “To deceive is when a person causes someone to believe something that is not true, typically in order to gain some personal advantage or give a mistaken impression”. Throughout the novel, Kazuo Ishiguro demonstrated a dystopian world, from the point of view of Kathy H, where the clones are deceptively raised for the purpose of donations to save the regular citizens. Through tone and symbolism, Ishiguro is trying to highlight how deception can be used to simply manipulate an individual or be used for their own good, based on others opinions. To begin, using tone, deception can be viewed as the foundation of many negative incidents for the clones when used as a form of manipulation. Firstly, during
Judson, an evolutionary biologist, portrayed as Dr. Tatiana, a sex columnist, cleverly conveys mind-boggling facts about an array of creatures within the animal kingdom using a satirical approach. “I am a queen bee, and I’m worried. All my lovers leave their genitals inside me then drop dead. Is this normal?” writes a concerned honeybee in regards to the sexual practices of her mate’s. Dr. Tatiana goes on to show understanding for the honeybees concern and explains just why her mates do what they do. As a reader, one gains intriguing information on the sexual idiosyncrasy of honeybees. The author achieves her overall goal of informing the reader of sexual biology by addressing the issue on a personal level, making a claim. Then following up with facts that support the claim.