LEHMAN COLLEGE
BIO 320: NEURAL DEVELOPMENT December 22nd, 2015
ABDUL BAIS AHMED
Problem: Role of Retinoic acid in central nervous development
Olfactory neurons are chemosensory neurons whose role is fulfilled by maintaining direct contact with the outside environment, which sometimes expose them to harm. As a result, there is the need to have a source of progenitor to replenish the damaged cells. It’s widely known that olfactory epithelium (OE) regenerates and replaces damaged olfactory neurons in the vertebrates’ lifetime. OE is derived from olfactory placode (OP) and is composed of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), non-neural cells as well their progenitors. It is located in the non-neural ectoderm anterior tip of the embryo. ORN
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This means that even though the RA provides a source of signaling for induction of olfactory precursors, induction can nevertheless occur without input of RA signaling. Does that means there are other factors/molecules that served as back-up signals to RA such that its ablation shows no observable consequence with regards to induction of ORN? Again, the suppression of RA synthesis had no effect on fgf8 expression. The importance of this finding is that, future research can investigate the particular signaling molecules that replenishes RA’s role when it is …show more content…
However manipulations like mutation, knockout and overexpression of genes either re-affirm their role or prove otherwise. I therefore recommend that such manipulations be utilized in future works to throw more light on the different outcomes that relate to those manipulations with regards to the OE progenitors
The understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the functions of most signaling molecules had been shrouded in complexity and RA is no exception. It takes detailed research work to unravel these mysteries. This research paper did a yeoman’s job by shedding more light on the complex molecular mechanism involving the role of RA signal in the cell division and proliferation of olfactory progenitors in the central nervous system. Balmer JE, Blomhoff R: Gene expression regulation by retinoic acid. J Lipid Res 2002,
be solved. From a nature standpoint, it is scientifically proven that genetics are able to but do not
Who am I? This is a question which may take a lifetime, sometimes longer, to fulfil. One path, of self-discovery, is when people turn to their surroundings in their search. In turning to their surroundings, people are able to see their selves by the things around them. Your true identify is something that cannot be taken away from you, nor anyone. Curiosity is essential to finding a true sense of discovery. It can only occur if one is willing to undertake a journey. These discoveries and ideas are shown through the short film “Paperman” by John Kahrs and the play “Away” by Michael Gow. Through the use of a sophisticated range of techniques the composers are able to maintain high levels of authenticity throughout the duration of the texts, ultimately stimulating a more powerful
. Embryonic stem cells have been identified by scientist as a type of stem cell that can advance regenerative medicine. The potential of regenerative medicine ranges from allowing pancreatic cells to produce insulin for diabetics to reconnecting the nerves in severed spinal cords. However, the greatest potential embryonic stem cells presents are its ability to change into any of the more than 200 different cell types in the body. This ability to change into any cell type can produce cures for Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, or any of the other conditions that stem cell therapy might help therefore improving the lives of those who live with these
ISCs were first identified by BrDU label retention method (Cheng and Leblond, 1974). After 30 years, Clevers and colleagues identified ISCs at single cell resolution by lineage tracing. They found that Lgr5 gene, encoding the leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5, is expressed in ISCs and LGR5+ cells give rise to all four different kind of intestinal epithelial cells (Barker et al., 2007).In addition, LGR5+ cells cultured in vitro give rise to organoid expressing all the markers of intestinal epithelium (Sato et al., 2009). Potential stem cell niche for ISCs consist of Paneth cells, dispersed in between ISCs. In vitro, growth
there is a possibility that the altered gene will be stronger, and will be more prominent in the
On Earth, there is a myriad of living organisms with a variety of characteristics and appearances that live side-by-side. These organisms are divided into groups based on these different characteristics, however all living organisms are interconnected by the simple fact that living organisms are built upon the same basic unit of life; the cell. All cells share many common structures and organelles, however, there are cells that have evolved through time to specialize in carrying out a specific function and their structures changed. Some of these specialized cells are also exclusively found in a certain group of organisms. One of these specialized cells is the rod cells that are found exclusively in vertebrates. These rod cells are a crucial part of the sensory nervous system; specifically the visual system.
add a new twist as our sciences advances us forward to where we can improve upon the genetic quality
In our productivity class, we were told to write an article on the Air Conditioning
Heart is the first organ that develops and functions in mammalian embryo (Moorman et al., 2003). In mouse, it was reported to starting differentiation at E7.25 embryo. Twenty four hours later, a primitive heart tube was formed from the precardiac mesoderm, and start beating at E8 in mouse compared to about 3 weeks of gestation in human (Brand, 2003; Sissman, 1970). In mice, Roche et al., (2013) reported that the heart is considered a unique structure as it is derived from a four distinct pools of progenitors: the cardiac crescent, the second heart field (SHF), the proepicardial organ, and the cardiac neural crest. These progenitors were tracked into the different cell types namely, cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and the conduction system described in adult heart (Roche, Czubryt, & Wigle, 2013).
It is surprising, for example, that mouse and human ES cells appear to be so different with respect to the molecules that mediate their self-renewal, and perhaps even in their developmental potentials. BMPs, for example, in combination with LIF, promote the self-renewal of mouse ES cells. But in conditions that would otherwise support undifferentiated proliferation, BMPs cause rapid differentiation of human ES cells. Also, human ES cells differentiate quite readily to trophoblast, whereas mouse ES cells do so poorly, if at all. One would expect that at some level, the basic molecular mechanisms that control pluripotency would be conserved, and indeed, human and mouse ES cells share the expression of many key genes. Yet we remain remarkably ignorant about the molecular mechanisms that control pluripotency, and the nature of this remarkable cellular state has become one of the central questions of developmental biology. Of course, the other great challenge will be to continue to unravel the factors that control the differentiation of human ES cells to specific lineages, so that ES cells can fulfill their tremendous promise in basic human biology, drug screening, and transplantation
The advances that have been made over the last two decades in stem cell research have changed the field of neuroscience. The field has gained a better understanding of the influence of transcription factors on regulating cell fate as well as other genetic, epigenetic, and environment factors. It has also advanced our understanding of embryonic neurogenesis as well as resolved some of the controversy in adult neurogenesis.
The hospitality industry has always been above and beyond for excellence. In today’s hospitality industry, the competitive structure is not so much aggressive but more unique with tactics. Every company tries to one up the next person by using creative approaches to intrigue each consumer when they are on vacation. Since we do live in Vegas, how does that work? Every structure is owned by this guy or that guy, and that’s where loyalty comes into play. My job, Hard Rock Café has everything possible for an independent company. Hard Rock Café continues to grow and flourish without changing the
It is here that the neural stem cells (NSCs), which have the capacity of self-renewal, divided asymmetrically several times to produce another NSC and a rapidly transit-amplifying progenitor cell. In the SVZ, slow-dividing type B cells give rise to rapidly transit-amplifying type C progenitor cells (Fig. 3). In SGZ, radial glia-like type-1 cells, the counterparts to type B cells, are considered to be quiescent stem cells and, similar to type B cells, have a low rate of mitotic activity (Kempermann, 2004). Like type B cells, type-1 cells proliferate and divide to generate transit-amplifying progenitors (TAPs), type-2 that has a limited self-renewal ability (Fig.2) (Bonaguidi et al., 2011; Suh et al.,
The nervous system coordinates voluntary and involuntary actions of animal bodies and is in charge of transmitting signal from one part of the body to another part. It is divided into two main systems, the Central Nervous System (CNS) that contains the brain and the spinal cord, and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) that includes mostly all nerves connecting the CNS to every part of the body (Martini et al., 2005). The entire nervous system relies on the good functioning of specialized cells: the neurons that convey electrical signals; and the neuroglia that is composed of several types of specialized cells with different functions either involved in the structure of the nervous system, the enhancement of the signal transmission or even in the defense mechanism.