Obesity: A Factor for Early Onset Menarche
Menarche is a sudden, initial encounter of menstruation by a female and said to be a sign of sexual maturation (Ahmed et al., 2016). In a recent study, a reduction in the onset of menarche in females for a period of four years was observed in the West. Factors that have been considered to contribute to early menarche onset includes, dietary intake, socio-economic status, BMI, and physical activity. In the article, Ahmed et al (2016) also mentions that the parents’ level of education and household environment were also determinant factors for menarcheal onset.
A cross sectional study conducted by Al-Awahdi et al (2013) notes that obesity has increased in recent times, and is a causative factor
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Mueller et al (2015) followed 1988 girls for 10 years to conduct a study that would determine the association of carbonated/caffeine beverages and increase risk for early onset menarche. The girls were selected by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study (Mueller et al, 2015). Based upon other studies, the group believes early onset menarche is associated to risk for many chronic illnesses. The results of this study showed that artificially sweetened drinks were identified as a risk with early onset menarche (RR for 1 serving/d increment: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.88). As for the results of noncaffeinated drinks, there were no association linked with early onset menarche (RR for 1 serving/d increment: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.62, 1.25 (Mueller et al, 2015).
370 girls, ages 10-16 years old were the subjects of a study in Iran by Farahmand et al (2012). The aim of this study was to prove the association of body mass index and lipoproteins profile with age of menarche. The criteria for the subjects includes start of menarche six months before the study. BMI, circumference of hip and waist, height, weight and lipid profiles were data collected by the group. The study concluded the association between lipid profiles and weight were not a factor for age of menarche, but is
Obesity does not discriminate against social status, sex, or race; it can take a person’s life and turn it upside down in the blink of an eye if they are not careful. Some people think of obesity as a worldwide killer because there is no outrunning it if it overtakes a person’s body. Every 1 in 3 adults are obese right here in America, that should give each and every individual some type of hint that there is a major problem occurring. The obesity epidemic is not something that has just caught the attention of people recently; it has been going on since the 1950’s! This epidemic is a major problem; over 2.8 million people die each year as a result of being obese or extremely overweight and over 40 million children were said to be obese in
Obesity has played a major role in media over the last decade. With growing concern over the issue, a controversy over whether obesity is a disease itself or not has developed. Obesity, by definition, is a condition that is characterized by excessive accumulation and storage of fat in the body, usually indicated by a body mass index of 30 or greater. According to the currently accepted definition of disease, a condition of the body or one of its parts that impairs normal functioning and is typically manifested by distinguishing signs and symptoms, it can be concluded that obesity does not meet the criteria to be classified as a disease.
Over one-half of all Americans are overweight or obese. If you are overweight or obese, carrying this extra weight puts you at risk for developing many diseases. Women generally have more subcutaneous fat than men, but appear to suffer a greater cardiovascular risk from a given degree of fat than women.
Genes control almost every aspect of human life, and when it comes to weight there is no exception. Little is known, however, how much of an individual’s genes actually control the weight of certain individuals. Body fat can vary from person to person, yet some people have always carried more weight than others. Often times, when one person is overweight in the family, most of the other individuals in the same family are overweight as well. However, more than just genetics can go into being overweight, and a person’s genes are not the end all be all of obesity. Many times the environment surrounding people who are obese contributes to the overall weight of the individual, and when obesity promoting genes are mixed
obesity are anticipated to be the products of an escalation in caloric and fat intake. On the other
The participants of the study were all women who had been referred by their physician, who had knowledge of their condition. The women studied were 19 to 52 years old with an average of 32 years. They were 5’3 to 5’10 ft tall with an average of 5’8 ft. Body mass index levels were within a healthy weight standard for all women. During the experiment the women were
Obesity is defined as a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduce life expectancy and/or increased health problems. “The problem of obesity is increasing in the United States. Understanding the impact of social inequalities on health has become a public health priority in the new millennium. Social, political, and economic factors now are acknowledged to be "fundamental" causes of disease that affect behavior, beliefs, and biology.” (Goodman, 2003) In the United States today, obesity has become an enormous problem. In the last 3 decades, the number of people overweight has increased dramatically. Obesity has not always been seen as a medical
In 1980 the Chinese government became intently terrified of the current population of their country. China housed over 950 million citizens and growing. To stop the increasing rates of fertility the government created a plan to keep citizenry rates down. The one-child policy which it was called stated that every household of china could only give birth to one child. The consperiousy of the policy have said to have had positive and negative out views of the only childs, the policy was
With over 22.5% of the current U.S. population considered to be clinically obese, compared to only 14.5% in 1980, there does not seem to be a cessation of this epidemic in sight (Hill & Peters, 1998). Goran and Weisners' (2000) proposal that "... the inherently lower resting metabolic rate in women versus men is responsible for the higher adiposity rates in women..." is wanting, especially since the potentially modifiable factors of; less physical strength, less daily free-living physical activity, and lower total energy expenditure are more likely the cause of the differences in observed adiposity between men and women. Since our genetic makeup has not appreciably changed in the last twenty years, we cannot strictly attribute the explosion of obesity to genetics. As these biological causes of obesity are disproved, a focus on the environment as a reason for obesity is taking centre-stage.
Most of the weight problems Americans have are being overweight or obese. There are no signs that the percentages of Americans who are overweight or obese are decreasing. Not just teenagers but kids and adults worry about their weight. People have weight problems for different reasons. I think Americans need to put an effort to manage their weight.
Contrary to our findings, this study’s analysis provided evidence for sex differences that could contributions to an energy balance, patterns of EI and weight changes. However, this study has used different methodologies and subject group to carry out their investigation which may have led to this variance in results.
Why do Americans overeat to the point of becoming obese and what are the effects on the body? As the world looks at society today, clearly Americans have an issue with being overweight and becoming obese especially compared with other countries. “Approximately 17% (or 12.5 million) of children and adolescents aged 2—19 years are obese,” and “more than one-third of U.S. adults (35.7%) are obese” (Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, 2013, Data and Statistics).
(i) It is pointed out that Malthus’s pessimistic conclusions have not been borne out by the history of Western European countries. Gloomy forecast made by Malthus about the economic conditions of future generations of mankind has been falsified in the Western world. Population has not increased as rapidly as predicted by Malthus; on the other hand, production has increased tremendously because of the rapid advances in technology. As a result, living standards of the people have risen instead of falling as was predicted by Malthus.
Over the last couple of years, the internet of things (IoT) has drawn a lot of attention from both academia’s and industries. The internet of things is often interchanged with the internet of everything. Presently, several devices can be connected at the same time, it is hoped that in the nearest future, billions of devices can be connected multifariously and will hopefully extend beyond the margins of physical components. This research will present the current state of art in research on the internet of things by reviewing related literature, ascertaining and describing current trends, current challenges, and future trends in IoT. The paper also provides possible future research directions.
Many children are currently suffering from obesity all around the world (Zuraikat 2010). Often times if parents don’t have a good nutritional balance then their children will become obese as well. Adults might not care what others think of them, but most likely their children will be bullied in school. There is a lot of discrimination around the world till this day towards obese people (Zuraikat 2010). Believe it or not if two people go apply for the same job position often times the one that looks physically better will get the job. For this reason, it is significantly important to maintain a well-balanced nutritional diet starting at a young age. There are times when children are consuming high portions of fat