Overview of OPEC
Is a permanent, intergovernmental Organization, created at the Baghdad Conference on
September, 1960.
Founder Members:
Later joined Members
•Iran
•Iraq
•Kuwait
•Saudi Arabia
•Venezuela
•Qatar (1961)
•Indonesia (1962) – suspended membership 01/2009
•Libya (1962)
•United Arab Emirates (1967)
•Algeria (1969)
•Nigeria (1971)
•Ecuador (1973) – suspended membership 1992-2007
•Angola (2007)
•Gabon (1975–1994)
Objectives of Opec
• OPEC's objective is to co-ordinate and unify petroleum policies among
Member Countries in order to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers; an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consuming nations; and a fair return on capital to those investing in the industry. •
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In response OPEC introducing a group production ceiling divided among Member
Countries and a Reference Basket for pricing, as well as dialogue and cooperation between non-OPEC countries
State-owned oil companies in emerging-market economies experienced a boom on this years by providing the oil gap cause for the OPEC embargo to those countries in need of the hydrocarbon.
The 1990’s and Nowadays
1990’s was marked by excessive volatility and general price weakness dominated the decade, lead by the Middle East disputes between Iraq, Iran and Kuwait
However, a solid recovery followed by a more integrated oil market, which was adjusting to greater globalization, communications revolution and other high-tech trends.
Ten years after, another war took place between USA and
Iraq which prompted a sharp rise in oil prices to levels far higher than those targeted by OPEC themselves.
This increase was boosted even more as OPEC members spoke openly about converting their cash reserves to the euro and away from the US dollar and by the disputes between OPEC members concerning the production quotas .
OPEC Role in Economics
OPEC is a swing producer, and its decisions have had considerable influence on international oil prices.
Although they called for stable and just commodity prices, an international food and agriculture program, technology transfer, and the democratization of the economic system the evidence suggests that OPEC did act as a cartel when it adopted output
Energy Crisis (1970’s) states that the crisis officially began when the “Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) reduced their petroleum production and proclaimed an embargo on oil shipments to the United States and the Netherlands, the main supporters of Israel.” They did
Several oil-countries have been facing economic and political turbulence as a result of the crash in oil prices, and there is disagreement among OPEC as how to handle the situation. (Krauss) While this is happening, America’s oil production continues to rise, as it inches closer to becoming an energy superpower in production and consumption; and countries that depend on their oil exports face recession.
Additionally, the war in the middle east created a suspension in the export of oil to the U.S, and it quadrupled the price of oil. I think that our leaders
As the global population increases and developing nations seek to emulate the consumer consumption of their Western counterparts, demand for fossil fuels and alternative energy sources continues to increase apace (Tracey et al, 2011). OPEC
Benjamin Sovacool explains in his article that over the period of twelve years, the United States shale gas production increased 24.5 times the amount it produced in 1998. From 0.2 trillion cubic feet to an enormous 4.9 trillion cubic feet. Natural gas is also a huge financial benefit to North America. Before this drastic increase of fracking and natural gas production, the United States imported a clear majority of its oil and energy sources from the Middle East. This caused the middle east to obtain a control over the United States economic situation. For example, the 1979 oil embargo caused by OPEC (organization of petroleum exporting countries). According to Kimberly Amadeo, their decision to increase oil prices by a meager ten percent, caused oil rationing in the United States and worsened the already declining economy at this time. Since the increase in fracking and natural gas production, the U.S. has become decreasingly reliant on imported energy sources. Richard Janson denotes, that the impact of this influx of cheap gas has had many positive impacts on not only the economics of the energy industry, but foreign policy and the United States domestic policy. With the downfall in the need for imports for energy and the rise of hydraulic
OPEC has consistently held the U.S. hostage with fixed oil prices and the threat of embargos. Many of the countries that belong to OPEC are not friendly to the United States, including: Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Libya, and Algeria. (Weil) The U.S. has declared many of these countries to be “state sponsors of terror”; however we still purchase their oil. (Fueling Terror) Increasing the United States’ oil production would give OPEC less of an opportunity to fix prices because demand for their product would fall. The peak oil production of ANWR is estimated to be up to 1.45 million barrels per day; that’s 1.45 million barrels of oil that OPEC would have to find another buyer for. They would either have to lower prices or production as a result of the flooded market. (Hastings) Currently the United States imports 4.885 million barrels of oil from OPEC daily. If we produced 1.45 million more barrels of oil per day we could cut our OPEC imports by more than twenty-five percent. (Petroleum Statistics) At $100 dollars per barrel that would be 145 million dollars that would stay in the United States every day; instead of being sent to countries that sponsor terrorism and reject basic human rights. Oil is fifty percent of Iran’s gross domestic product, fueling their ability to procure
The embargo of oil shipments to the United States by the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) resulted in a widespread national energy crisis which, to some degree, created the economic downturn.
The third issue Luther and Zwingli were at odds concerning is whether or not Christ is sitting at the right hand of God. Luther and Zwingli each looked at the idea of Christ sitting at the right hand of God from a different perspective. Luther looked from a figurative perspective and Zwingli from a literal perspective. Zwingli said since Christ has a human nature then one has to abide by that human nature, therefore Christ literally sits at the right hand of God in heaven. He believed the right hand of God to be a circumscribed place. Luther however heavily disagreed with Zwingli’s stance believing that Zwingli was giving too much power to the human nature separating the human from the divine nature of Christ. Luther said, “You must not believe
3. Any travel/accommodation for interstate attendees would need to be arranged. Also the same for the guest speaker (if needed). Transfers to and from the airport would be advisable.
Our world economy depends upon petroleum; petroleum, in fact, has shaped the modern world. It has dictated production technologies and methods. It has facilitated the emergence of a worldwide transportation network. It has allowed cites to grow and expand, and determined the spatial landscape of regions. Due to our great need for petroleum, the scope of OPEC¡¦s power surpasses our prowess as an economic superpower, considering OPEC regulates the output and the price of oil from their reserves.
Since the oil embargo of 1977, there has been an increased awareness of our nation's energy security. As global population and energy consumption rise, the need for a stable energy supply has become a hot topic and a politically volatile issue. As our negative trade balance grows larger by the day, the United States finds itself in a rather precarious position. We are becoming more and more dependent on Middle East oil.
the decisions made by BP and to some extent by Transocean and Halliburton, were the main reason for the
Selfish by definition is to be only concerned with one's self for their own gain, be it by action or by motive. If one goes to the doctors because they are sick or just for a health checkup, they will remind you that it is good to take time for yourself. In this very fast paced world we are living in sometimes we just forget about us.
The interactions, transactions, trades, and relationship America has obtain in the pass and currently with Canada and Mexico, demonstrates endless communication and friendship. Meanwhile, the need for America to mend a “bridge of friendship” may be inspiriting, and educational for several individuals. When situations occur concerning, war, conflict, or feud, similar to the Iran and Iraq war 1980-1988, a “bridge of friendship can be reassuring, and deliver a message of peace. (LexisNexis, 2007).
In this way, the Fed manages price inflation in the economy. So bonds affect the U.S. economy by determining interest rates. This affects the amount of liquidity. This determines how easy or difficult it is to buy things on credit, take out loans for cars, houses or education, and expand businesses. In other words, bonds affect everything in the economy. Treasury bonds impact the economy by providing extra spending money for the government and consumers. This is because Treasury bonds are essentially a loan to the government that is usually purchased by domestic consumers. However, for a variety of reasons, foreign governments have been purchasing a larger percentage of Treasury bonds, in effect providing the U.S. government with a loan. This allows the government to spend more, which stimulates the economy. Treasury bonds also help the consumer. When there is a great demand for bonds, it lowers the interest rate.