Nurses And Disasters: Global Historical Case Study

Chapter thirteen of the textbook, Biosecurity and Bioterrorism Containing and Preventing Biological Threats, by Jeffrey R. Ryan, examines a wide range of techniques, set up, to help the United States, or U.S., in becoming prepared for a potential biological terrorist attack. A portion of the techniques mentioned throughout chapter thirteen were early warning detection systems. These systems are known as the Autonomous Detection system, and the Biohazard Detection System (Ryan, 327-329). Although both these detection systems have their benefits, the one that has conveyed more consideration over the years is the Biohazard Detection

International terrorism has greatly impacted the role of first responders throughout the U.S., not only in terms of large scale events like the attacks on 9/11, but the role of the first responder has needed to adapt to the widely varying methods of attacks that have been employed. First responders may face threats from biological, chemical, and radiological weapons of mass destruction. First responder heroes of 9/11 are still dealing with injuries, illness, and even still dying from the effects of that terrorist attack. (ODMP, 2017). First

Assistance from the state, National Guard, organizations, and private entities provided to the city, simply are expected to give additional efforts to the affected areas in an organized and effective response to cover the cities insufficient resources. Their assistance will not replace reassurance provided by the cities departments. This emergency plan operations assigns each agency and department to specific duties during an emergency but each must be aware and understand terrorist tactics and thoughts. Be aware that terrorists generally target important infrastructures, public events, transportations, and individuals or groups. Their attacks generally include acts that involve shootings, bombings, or the use of chemicals or biological agents. Terrorist attacks can happen at multiple locations within a certain radius and explosives may be detonated again after emergency responders arrive to injure them as well. Having some knowledge on terrorists and their tactics will prevent more causalities to civilians and those assigned to specific duties during

The threat that first responders encounter is always changing because they have to be trained to understand several different scenarios. They have to be able to respond to a regular crime scene, a natural disaster and increasingly trained now to respond to a terrorist attack. One of the biggest threats they face is the unknown because training for it is impossible because the scenario is not common and usually highly unpredictable. One of the biggest unknowns for a first responder will be when they respond to a CBRNE situation. CBRNE is a very common acronym that stands for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive. CBRNE must now be considered with the more standard traditional threats that first responders face each day

Is PPE or SCBA necessary, is a cordon necessary for a bomb squad, how far from the threat do we need to evacuate individuals, is a decontamination team going to be necessary, etc. With the detailed information that is received, first responders can begin to put in motion their standard operating

This research paper is broken into four sections. The first section, Bioterrorism Response in a Major Metropolitan Area, provides

Bioterrorism can easily target citizens by poisoning food and water supplies. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration a.k.a. OSHA stated that there’s over 250 different foodborne diseases and illnesses, and are often mislabeled as food poisoning. These diseases can be potentially fatal to those inflicted. In the article “A Discussion of Findings and Their Possible Implications from a Workshop on Bioterrorism Threat Assessment and Risk Management”, Bruce Hope states that it’s possible to analyze the agricultural and food industries by making fake scenarios of potential threats. This analysis of America’s system can allow for professionals to better secure food supplies and ensure that bioterrorism is less likely of impacting the population. Defense measures can make these buildings invulnerable, or nearly so (Zilinskas, 906). Another method of defense against bioterrorism is vaccination. According to Rebecca Katz in “Public Health Preparedness: The Best Defense Against Biological Weapons” she argues that vaccination is a plausible method of defense against bioterrorism if necessary. She also states “[vaccines] are part of a preattack defense and a postattack containment” (Katz, 177). These vaccinations can aid people in case of smallpox and anthrax, both of which are viable threats to biosecurity. The article also states that while more research is necessary to improve the currently available vaccines, it’s a necessary component of preparing for bioterrorism. Katz states “In order to avoid chaos during an event, development and dissemination prior to an attack of vaccine priority and distribution plans is essential. These plans should incorporate the best methods for controlling the spread of disease, saving the most lives, and ensuring the utility of

Local protective measure planning equips first responders with the knowledge needed to organize efficient response results in the event of an emergency. Structured open dialogue between local emergency jurisdictions enables responders to delegate the appropriate individuals and equipment resources to the impacted local areas requiring the most aid following a terror event. By establishing a streamlined communication framework, local emergency responders can collaborate their efforts and resources to promote collective well-being. When a local emergency plan specifies what responders and resources belong where and at what time, response overlap and shortages can be avoided. Unionized response action established prior to a terrorist incident, serves to mitigate the risks, hazards and threat of injury or harm the people and property of the US face when a terrorism event occurs. Furthermore, a structured local emergency operations plan for a hazardous materials incident involving a terrorist is imperative to public health and safety, as the blueprint outlines protective measures the public can follow to minimize their exposure to dangerous substances. The people of a community affected by a terror event can be warned and notified of the event’s associated dangerous materials, which threaten their well-being, through a variety of methods such as warning sirens or horns, emergency alert systems, automated

Drug administration is a fundamental part of every day in nursing profession. No medication is completely safe and protected in this manner. Therefore, nurses need to have an intensive and broad knowledge of the medications and its method of organization in the compelling treatment of patients whose life lies in her grasp (Satoskar, Bhandarkar, 2005)

To "act" means to do something positive to save one's life or the life of any other person within the immediate area. To "alert" is to notify law enforcement and security personnel in the first instance, and co-workers and patients of the present danger. The exposition in this reference focuses on good response modes.

Disaster is anything that can occur causing damages, an ecological disruption and deterioration of health and the health services. Disaster can be manmade or natural disasters such as floods. When disasters like flooding or tornadoes that may be accompanied by floods occur, the public health personnel and public health nurses are normally the first people who respond to the emergency, given that they are the people who understand and know the available resources used in providing first aids to the affected victims.

Terrorist incidents causes consequences that has an unimaginable and everlasting effect on emergency responders, citizens, communities, and countries. Emergency responders face terrorist incidents exposing them to chemical agents, biological agents, nuclear/radiological agents, explosive devices, or a combination of the agents. Some other risks emergency responders encounter with terrorist incidents are small explosive devices, suicide bombers, infrastructure attacks, and cyber terrorism (CT2Learn: Managing the Emergency Consequences of Terrorist Incidents, July 2002). Emergency responders put their lives on the line for the citizens, communities,

In our time, bioterrorism is an upcoming threat that is lurking behind the scenes. Even though we are not aware of the dangers and consequences of bioterrorism, the effects of it in the future could be lethal. The anthrax attacks are a perfect example of this. According to the article Anthrax attack on the Capitol, “ The innocent opening of a letter, a routine task that is done millions of times every day in offices across the country, suddenly escalated into a public health crisis that truly frightened many people who work on the Hill,”(Frist). This shows our lack of preparation in terms of working against bioterrorism. In order combat this future threat, The United States

Application of the public health principles to biodefense, therefore entails biosurveillance, countermeasure stockpiling and distribution, mass casualty care in the event of bioterrorism, and community resilience (Homeland Security Presidential Directive, 2007). Biosurveillance involve gathering, interpreting, integrating, and communication of vital information related to diseases activities that might poses a threat to the health of the populace. This is an integrated process involving clinicians, laboratory services, and other members of the public health team. Usually, the physician using high index of suspicion, report a confirmed or suspected disease outbreak thought to be related to bioterrorism to the biodefense alert system for further action. An effective biosurveillance is therefore very important to prompt detection and response to a potential bioterrorism.

for bioterrorism. Biological attacks can be executed in so many different ways so there needs to be multiple plans, preparations, and solutions for the problems those different methods present. In 2002, Congress enacted the Bioterrorism Act which enforced a national standard for bioterrorism preparedness. However, it only assists in keeping water supplies, drugs, and food to help with biological attacks. It will not stop all bioterrorism, but will help with some. Violet Pinto, author and editor for the Journal of Natural Science, Biology, and Medicine, believes America needs a multifaceted plan which addresses prevention, punishment for those who commit biocrimes, and international action. The National Disaster Management Authority has also suggested more help is needed from companies and organizations. The NDMA is currently working on plans to have trained battalions of people to aid in preventing biocrimes, assisting those who have been harmed, and aid in distributing medical supplies. Several other countries other than the U.S., such as India, who have special hospitals and laboratories dedicated to the detection and treatment of bioterrorism attacks (Pinto). These multifaceted plans and preparations are things America should create and develop to help with the possible threat of