Nuclear Dna Research Paper

Each human being has something called DNA. DNA is described as genetics and an extremely long macromolecule that is the main component of chromosomes and is the material that transfers genetic characteristics in all life forms. DNA constructs of two nucleotide strands coiled around each other in a ladder like arrangement with the sidepieces composed of alternating phosphate and deoxyribose units and the rungs composed of the purine and pyrimidine bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Each chromosome consist of one continuous thread-like molecule of DNA coiled tightly around proteins and contains a portion of the 6,400,000,000 basepairs that make up your DNA.

Ok let's break DNA down first. DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid. Deoxyribose is referred to the absence of an O in the Carbon 2 of the ribose pentose. DNA is made up of six smaller molecules a five-carbon sugar called deoxyribose, a phosphate molecule and four different nitrogenous bases adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine. The basic building block of DNA is called a NUCLEOTIDE. A nucleotide is made up of one sugar molecule, one phosphate molecule and one of the four bases. In other words, the sugar that makes DNA is ribose a pentose sugar in the case of this molecule DNA its lacking an Oxygen in its carbon 2. Nucleic is referred to its position, our DNA most anyways is located on the nucleus of our cells, the presence of this nucleus is what differs us from Prokaryotes us being Eukaryotes.

Understanding DNA can take a lot of studying and confusion to even get the general idea of the concept. The structure of DNA is very complicated and complex to understand, but researchers James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin all developed the idea of the DNA structure in 1953. Deoxyribonucleic Acid is found in the nucleus of the cell. It is a double stranded molecule that contains the genetic code and is the main component of chromosomes. DNA is the blueprint of organisms. Nucleotides are the basic unit of DNA and they are made up of sugar, phosphate, and one of the four basis including adenine,

DNA and RNA are nucleic acids; they are characterized by being long chains that are called polymers, from other units called nucleotides. With the DNA and RNA, it is expected to have a variety of polynucleotide chains. The nucleotides are intertwined by means of covalent bonds between sugar of a nucleotide and the phosphate of the next. This results in an ordered backbone pattern. As well as the DNA as the RNA have purine nitrogenous bases adenine and guanine and the pyrimidine cytosine.

DNA is a molecule that has a repeating chain of identical five-carbon sugars (polymers) linked together from head to tail. It is composed of four ring shaped organic bases (nucleotides) which are Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T). It has a double helix shape and contains the sugar component deoxyribose.

DNA, the material of inheritance, is found in the cell nucleus in the form of very long and thin molecules consisted of two spiral stands.

A molecular structure in all living things and sometimes viruses. They are the main part of a chromosome. DNA is

Deoxyribonucleic (DNA) is the molecule that hold the genetic information of living things. In our body every cell contains about 2 meters of DNA. DNA is copied every time a cell divides. Deoxyribonucleic (DNA) is made up of two polynucleotide strands. Polynucleotide strands twist around each other, forming a shape that looks like a ladder called a double helix. The two polynucleotide strands run antiaparallel to each other with nitrogenous bases this means that the stands run in opposite directions, parallel to one another. The DNA molecule consists of two backbones chains of sugars and phosphate groups. The organic bases held together by hydrogen bonds. Although bases bonded together are termed paired

Chromosome- Chromosomes are the microscopic structure within cells that carries the molecule deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is the hereditary material that influences the development and characteristics of each organism. In bacteria and bacteria-like organisms called archaebacteria, chromosomes are simple circles of DNA that float around in the cell. In more complex cells, or Eukaryotes, chromosomes are stored within a well developed and defined nucleus. In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes are highly complex structures in which the shape of the DNA molecules is linear, rather than circular. Chromosomes consist chiefly of proteins and DNA. Tiny chemical subunits called nucleotide bases form the structure of DNA. A sequence of these bases that are along a DNA strand will create a code for the production of a special protein also known as a gene. Genes occupy precise locations on the chromosome. Each cell contains enough DNA to form a thread extending about 2 m (about 7 ft). Proteins called histones play a key role in packaging DNA within chromosomes. Sections of

DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid, which is found in almost all living things. DNA serves as a code for the creation and maintenance of new cells within an organism. Within humans, it is found in almost every cell. Although most of our DNA is found within the nucleus of our cells as nuclear DNA, a very small amount of our DNA is also found within the mitochondria as mitochondrial DNA. Because mitochondrial DNA is generally not used for solving crimes, for the purpose of this paper it will be disregarded.

“The phosphate group in DNA covalently bonds to the pentose sugar to form a polynucleotide strand”( http://www.mybiologyweb.com/FTP/Chem%20-%20nucleic.pdf)

In this essay, we will observe the structure of DNA, DNA replication and how scientist visualizes DNA. First off, DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid, resides in the nucleus of every living cell. DNA structure was understood more by Rosalind Franklin with the help of other biologists later on during the year, to describe the twisted ladder or double helix structure of DNA. It must go through a complex task called DNA replication to duplicate itself to form two identical DNA molecules. However, for us to visualize DNA with a naked eye, biologists use modern laboratory techniques that allow them to extract DNA from tissue samples.

Structure and function in Biology is a broad concept that can be explored within a diverse range of topics across the subject matter. The following essay will be focussed mainly on the subject of Deoxyribonucleic Acid, or more commonly DNA. DNA is a highly complex, intricate and extraordinary macromolecule found within all living cells. DNA is a "biochemical noun" and can be defined as "...a self-replicating material which is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information." [Oxford Dictionary, c2016] DNA is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, enclosed within a double membrane. Eukaryotic cells are multifaceted and require a high level of regulation to ensure smooth functioning. The double membrane of the nucleus allows gene expression, a key function of DNA, to be efficiently regulated.

DNA is found in everything everywhere. DNA is shaped like a double helix, which means it is double stranded and is connected by hydrogen bonds. Mendel did an experiment that showed the principles behind inheritance. The structure of DNA essentially explains how genetic information is passed from the parents to the offspring. One of the two strands in the double helix of DNA can be used as a blank template for creating an identical DNA molecule. Then sexual reproduction happens and genetic information is passed but if any complications or errors occur then mutations can happen.

DNA originated from the nucleic acid structure, and it stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. Did you know that a fruit fly has four pair of chromosomes, while a rice plant has 12, and a dog has 39? In addition, I did not know how chromosomes were first discovered by “Scientists looking at cells under the microscope first observed chromosomes in the late 1800s. Researchers gained a much better understanding of chromosomes in the early 1900s through Thomas Hunt Morgan’s pioneering studies. Morgan made the link between chromosomes and inherited traits by demonstrating that the X chromosome is related to gender and eye color in fruit flies (Anonymous Author).” What come out of DNA are chromosomes? “Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside of the nucleus of animal and plant cells (Anonymous Author). In chromosomes, we will be determining the gender of a newborn baby, using karyotypes to diagnose genetic disorders, and how scientists read chromosomes.