PART SIX THE MOST RECENT CENTURY 1914–2010
Chapter 21—The Collapse and Recovery of Europe, 1914–1970s
CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES: • To examine the history of Europe between 1914 and the 1970s as an organic whole made up of closely interconnected parts • To consider the repercussions of nationalism and colonialism in Europe and Japan • To increase student awareness of the effects of the two world wars • To help students imagine the appeal of totalitarian movements in the twentieth century
KEY TERMS: blitzkrieg: German term meaning “lightning war,” used to describe Germany’s novel military tactics in World War II, which involved the rapid movement of infantry, tanks, and airpower over large areas. (pron. BLITS-kreeg)
European
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New Deal: A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.
Nuremberg Laws: Series of laws passed by the Nazi-dominated German parliament in 1935 that forbade sexual relations between Jews and other Germans and mandated that Jews identify themselves in public by wearing the Star of David.
Revolutionary Right (Japan): Also known as Radical Nationalism, this was a movement in Japanese political life ca. 1930–1945 that was marked by extreme nationalism, a commitment to elite leadership focused around the emperor, and dedication to foreign expansion. total war: War that requires each country involved to mobilize its entire population in the effort to defeat the enemy.
Treaty of Versailles: 1919 treaty that officially ended World War I; the immense penalties it placed on Germany are regarded as one of the causes of World War II. (pron. vare-SIGH)
Triple Alliance: An alliance consisting of Germany, Austria, and Italy that was one of the two rival European alliances on the eve of World War I.
Triple Entente: An alliance consisting of Russia, France, and Britain that was one of the two rival European alliances on the eve of World War I.
United Nations: International peacekeeping organization and forum for international opinion,
After taking action against Serbia, Austria-Hungary gained German support, and from there, the first alliance began. Within a week, major European powers like Russia, France, and Great Britain became involved, and more alliances were formed. Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary were the members of the Triple Alliance, while Great Britain, France, and Russia were the members of the Triple Entente. If a country in one of these alliances declared war, the conflict would quickly escalate due to all of the countries that would essentially need to become
2) Which nation joined the Triple Entente alliance in the early 1900s (and to complete the alliance?)
Based on the documents A and B they both represented how alliances caused conflict between each other. In document (A) it shows what countries were in a reliances. The triple alliance included Germany, Austria- Hungary and Italy. The triple entente included Russia, France, and UK (Great Britain).
The first of the three main causes of World War One was the alliances between countries. In the years before the war, several European countries had formed alliances with each other to ensure the protection of their own nations. This created two systems; the Triple Alliance, which consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, and the Triple Entente, which consisted of France, Russia, and Great Britain. The system made it so that if an allied country
The alliances of the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance brought about the main stage of the global war. The Triple Entente, made up of England, France, and Russia surrounded the Triple Alliance made up of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy geographically (Document 3). This led to the build up of armies on both sides (Document 7). When Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, a neutral country friendly with the allies, over the Serbian nationalist group assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, Germany backed it up which created a domino effect of the alliance countries joining the war (OI).
Before the start of WWI, there were two major alliances in Europe. The Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy, and the Triple Entente with France, Russia and Great Britain. These alliance, along with the extreme feelings of nationalism and militarism, were the main causes of the Great War.
Russia also made an alliance with France against Germany and Austria-Hungary. There was another alliance between Russia, France and Britain to counter the threats from
There were three alliance groups in Europe in 1914, which were The Triple Alliance, The Triple Entente, and the Neutral Nations. The Triple alliance was made up of Germany,Australia, and Italy. The Triple Entente was the United Kingdom, France, Russia, and Africa. The Neutral Nations were Portugal, Spain, Norway, Denmark, Sweden. Romania, Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire (DBQ Project Doc 3).
To begin with, the pre-war alliance in Europe intensified the long-lasting tensions between countries. In 1879, Germany and Austria-Hungary made an alliance against Russia. In 1881, Austria Hungary allied with Serbia against Russia. The Triple Alliance reveals the alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. On the other hand, Russia, France, and Britain agreed to become the Triple Entente. (Doc 1) The alliance clearly divided the countries in Europe into two groups, each of which hated the others very much. (Doc 4) The
In the early 1900’s, the entirety of Europe was divided into various alliances and powers, most notably the Triple Alliance (Germany, Astro-Hungarian Empire, and Italy) and the Triple Entente (France, Russia, and the United Kingdom), which ultimately fell into a hellish firestorm of mustard gas and trench warfare in 1914 that left 18 million dead and Europe’s economies and production decimated manyfold (DBQ Project, Various – Document D). The destruction of the turn-of-the-century nations and Empires that slaughtered over people stems from a chronological progression of ambitious Imperialism, extreme Nationalism, and rapid Militarism.
The Treaty of Versailles was a peace settlement between Germany and the Allied Powers that officially ended World War I. However, the conditions in the treaty were so harsh on Germany that many believe the Treaty of Versailles was one of the main causes for the eventual rise of Nazis in Germany and the eruption of World War II. Part of the treaty commonly known as the "War Guilt Clause" forced the German nation to accept complete
The Triple Alliance was a military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed on March 20th 1882. Each country promised support in the event of attack.
Alliances were formed with the European countries formed partnerships to protect each other. There were two different alliances, one was the Triple Alliance was between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. Then there was the Triple Entente was and alliance between France, United Kingdom, Russia. In the midst of all the war the nations that remained Neutral were Spain, Portugal, Greece, Serbia, Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Romania, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire, and Montenegro (Doc. D). In document E it states that France and Russia have both equal desires to preserve peace, and only want to make sure that they meet the needs for a defensive war. Then in Document G shows a comic of how the different Allies had “ganged up” on Germany and Austria, then there was Italy that had been
World War I was caused by several issues between European powers, the first being militarism, or the huge emphasis placed on having large and strong armies and navies. Germany is an example of militarism in WWI because Germany began competing with the British for having the largest navy in the world, as well as developing new weapons like poison gas and submarines, the latter being a great tool in surprise attacks. Militarism was also associated with the Romanticism of war; Europeans wished to fight so that they could become heros. The constant military build ups in several European countries left countries looking for alliances with other strong countries, in the event that war was to break out. Germany, Italy, and Austria created the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente was comprised of Great Britain, France, and
In the tumultuous period leading up to World War II, a series of laws were devised in Nazi Germany that subjected the Jewish people to prohibitory and discriminatory forms of treatment. Although the Jewish people only accounted for 503,000 of the 55 million occupants of the country, Adolf Hitler’s dictatorship preached the incorporation of anti-Semitism into law and practice in order to quell the people he considered to be the enemy of the country.