Nephrolithiasis Lab Report

Men are more likely to have kidney stones, because their urinary tract is larger than women's. Men are more prone to kidney stones their weight and size. Kidney stones are caused by low fluid intake, hot environments, high salt and protein intake, depending on your body kidney stones are able to develop due to lack of support from your body. As being the medical assistant I would be sure to make sure they are drinking plenty of water and are getting plenty of rest. I would also tell my patient to eat healthy fruit as is, without adding sugar or salt.

This condition is diagnosed based on your symptoms, medical history, and a physical exam. The exam may include blood and urine tests to confirm the diagnosis and evaluate how well your kidneys are working. In order to confirm the diagnosis, your health care provider may need to take a small sample of your kidney and have it examined (biopsy).

Perform a urinalysis when possible to find levels of Specific Gravity (how concentrated the urine is), pH, Protein, Blood, Nitrites, Leukocytes, Ketones, Glucose and Bilirubin. The results of this test can help identify any possible impairment in renal function and identify the presence of an infection (Vera, 2011).

Lab Tests: Urinalysis – Leukocytes 0, Nitrite 0, Protein 0, pH 5.0, Blood 0, Specific Gravity 1.000, Ketone 0, UA/Culture- pending, Special Test: Ultrasound

The department of urology diagnoses and treats any illness or condition that affects the urinary system. Some common conditions treated by this department are; end- stage renal disease (ESRD), enuresis, fistula, hydronephrosis, polycystic kidney disease (PKD), Wilms tumor, anuria, dysuria, and acute tubular necrosis (ATN).To treat and diagnose these conditions a urologist may use some of the following tests and procedures; one of the two dialysis methods hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, nephrostomy, urine cytology, cystoscopy, cystectomy, immunotherapy, ureteroscopy stone removal, and an electrohydraulic probe, just to mention a few. Prostate Cancer is one of the most common diseases treated by urologists. The prostate gland is a small gland found in men that’s located below the bladder which surrounds the upper part of the urethra.

Make sure the patient drink at least 2.5 L of water and urinate yellow amber healthy looking urine at the end of the day

I have chosen the topic about kidney stone because my favorite comic book series featured it as a character. Kidney stones, also known as, Nephrolithiasis or Renal Calculi, are crystalized lumps formed by insoluble calcium compounds (Kidney Stones). Normally, the two kidneys in the human body are in charge of filtering blood to produce urine. The urine travel down to the ureters, then into the urinary bladder, and finally excreted through the urethra (Baxter, 2016a). When there is not enough water to dilute the waste products, they stay in the kidney and increase the risk of stone formation. As waste stayed in the kidney, it start to build up and form into a kidney stone. Depending on the size of the kidney stone, some may slide down the urinary tract without causing any discomfort. However, because of the small diameter of the ureters, large usually get stuck and block the flow of urine (Baxter, 2016c).

5.2.3.3.1.1. Estimation of serum urea Serum urea was measured according with commercially available kit (Liquicheck AGAPPE Diagnostics LTD) using auto analyzer (ROCHE 9180 ANALYSER). Principle Urea undergoes hydrolysis by the urease enzyme, releasing ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The ammonia produced reacts with α-Ketoglutarate (α-KG) in the presence of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) to form glutamate, simultaneously converting NADH to NAD resulting in a decrease in absorbance at 340nm. The rate of decrease in absorbance per minute is measured at 340nm.

Laboratory tests are now ordered to see if other tests are needed to be done. Urinalysis is performed to look for signs of urinary tract infection, as well as to test for presence of blood. Blood tests are also done to test the function of your kidney such as creatine and BUN. Electrolytes are also checked to see if you have problems with certain electrolytes that may precipitate formation of stones, as well as to test for your hydration status.

The purpose of this study is to compare the difference of urine between one group drink amounts of beverages the other group did not drink anything. In the renal experiment, we test our urinary system by drinking different beverages and record the color, PH value, specific gravity (SG) and output. Before the experiment, the subject should not eat any food to affect the result. The experiment separate to two group – experimental and control group. The experimental group need to drink different type of beverages, the control group did not drink anything. Record the time both start and finish. After drinking 1000ml of beverages, went to toilet for urine every 30 minutes, total for 120 minutes. Observe own urine by PH indicator strips, color and

Haller, C. A., Jacob, P., & Benowitz, N. L. (2002). Pharmacology of ephedra alkaloids and

Kidney stones form when your urine contains more crystal-forming substances — such as calcium, oxalate and uric acid — than the fluid in your urine can dilute. At the same time, your urine may lack substances that prevent crystals from sticking together, creating an ideal environment for kidney stones to form.

The study analyzed 5,971 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database from 2007 to 2010 for patients who have a history of kidney stones. Chronic kidney disease was noted among the participants who have an estimated glomerular filtration rate of less than 60 ml/minute/1.73 m2, and/or an albumin-to-creatinine ratio that is greater than 30 mg/ml. According to the analysis and data incurred from the study, history of kidney stones plays a big factor in recurring or chronic kidney disease, and treatment with dialysis. The study concluded that kidney stone history is linked with increased chances of getting chronic kidney disease, leading to the need for dialysis in women with no regard to comorbid conditions. Although large scale future studies are needed to further evaluate the connection between chronic kidney disease and nephrolithiasis, future prospective investigations expounding the relationship between these two conditions may further advocate that health care resources may be appropriately directed to the primary prevention of nephrolithiasis that could lead to reduced morbidity and costs related to chronic kidney

The clinical complaints of uncomplicated lower UTI usually include urinary frequency, urinary urgency, dysuria, burning sensation when urination, hematuria, suprapubic pain, etc (Mehnert-Kay, 2005). When upper urinary tract is involved, patient presents with fever, chills, flank pain, costovertebral angle tenderness, nausea, or vomiting (Mehnert-Kay, 2005). The urine tests of UTI include urine dipstick, urinalysis, and urine culture and sensitivity. The urine dipstick can detect leukocyte esterase, nitrites, blood, glucose, and protein. The urinalysis exams RBCs, WBCs, bacteria, WBC casts, color, glucose, ketone, protein, bilirubin, and etc. The urine culture and sensitivity detects which bacteria patient is infected and which antibiotic is sensitive. According to Haddock (2015), nitrates are wastes for Gram-negative bacterial metabolism and leucocyte esterase is the products of white blood cells in response to inflammation. Based on patient’s HPI and lab reports, H.L. is diagnosed with urinary tract infection (uncomplicated lower

Received 8 December 2014, Received in revised form 6 January 2015, Accepted 8 February 2015