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Negligence Vs Wilson

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The legal reasoning by Mason C.J., Toohey, Gaudron and McHugh JJ in Wilson v R is an updated decision based on a development of the mens rea and actus reus elements of involuntary manslaughter of an unlawful act. It approved the Holzer test used of a previous Australian case and disproved the England (UK) test that has previously been used by Newbury. The test between these two authorities reflects the importance of what degree of danger is required to exist. Under common law, there are two categories of involuntary manslaughter, manslaughter by an unlawful and dangerous act, and manslaughter by criminal negligence. However, it was decided that criminal negligence did not apply to this case and therefore the prosecution must prove manslaughter …show more content…

This can be determined as any act that can breach a criminal law. A serious assault was stated as being an unlawful act. As an intentional blow is an act of assault, this can be considered serious as it was to the head and not soft, this is a breach of criminal law and thus makes it unlawful. Thus, as the act of serious assault and assault are both breaches of criminal law this would render the blow by Wilson as unlawful. Furthermore, for the defence of self-defence to be used, the punch must be considered as unlawful. There is no doubt that the act was intentional, as Wilson had agreed to the blow to the deceased, which makes it voluntary and intentional. This gratifies the mens rea component of manslaughter, in which that act was intentional. The justices further determined this, in that Wilson was in no real danger as he could of walked away, especially considering that Cumming was also there in support in case any imminent danger arose.

The act by Wilson must be determined to be the cause of death of the victim. It was determined that the actions of Cumming bashing the victim’s head upon the ground were not the cause of death, and the initial blow by Wilson was the determined cause. This satisfies the actus reus component of manslaughter, which the act of Wilson had caused the death of the victim. Through the statement of King C.J. in the original decision, it is clear that an intentional blow to the face …show more content…

This means that it needs to be proved whether the act is unlawful, and objectively, whether it is a dangerous act. The dissenting judges also focus on the level of dangerousness, in which the UK test focus on some harm, not serious harm, and the Australian test of an appreciable risk of serious injury. These judges thought that the question of dangerousness should be left to the jury, and must consider the level of risk and the likelihood of injury. Furthermore, in deciding this, the risk or the injury must not be trivial or negligible. The judges have determined that if the test in use is that of manslaughter by an unlawful and dangerous act, there is no need for the use of battery manslaughter. Through this, it was the belief of the dissenting judges that battery manslaughter is also subsumed under manslaughter by an unlawful and dangerous act. Unless, for some reason the more stringent test of Holzer were to be used, in that the act must be of really serious injury, then there would be a gap in the law. This gap in the law would only be able to be filled by the doctrine of battery

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