Negative Cognitive Schema

Similar to a broken record, cynical thoughts kept relentlessly playing in my mind ever since a young “larva” in a hostile environment. Subconsciously, I have always viewed myself inferior in terms of everything, this has then progressed into full blown social anxiety. I had the phobia that everyone was judging me and this philosophy has translated and adapted into my personal actions. In fact, in my 8th grade yearbook I was voted most quiet/timid! Upon the entrance of high school, I was committed in eradicating this hindrance, once and for all. Also,

The purpose of this paper is to take the case of Adrian from a DSM-IV perspective and further analyze it from a more current DSM-5 perspective. Adrian is a 39-year-old Caucasian mother of two children, a son, age 12 and a daughter, age 7. The DSM-IV case study format has given Adrian a principle diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder and secondary diagnosis of social phobia. In the following paragraphs, this diagnosis will be discussed using the most recent DSM-5 criteria, other conditions to consider will be explored, the WHODAS and culture formulation interview will be utilized and examined and, lastly, a new DSM-5 diagnosis will be given.

I: Timothy appeared to be positive mood at the onset of the session. He showed an adequate effort to participate in the session. Rapport was established and adequately maintained throughout the duration of the session. He was attentive and cooperative during the session. Timothy made good eye contact and his affect was normal. Timothy expressed a desire to reduce his anxiety. He also communicated a desire to address his anger. He stated that he often stresses about things out of his control. He stated that his son is his first priority. Timothy mentioned that his son is his world. He seemed to enjoy the worksheet about anxiety. The worksheet afforded him the opportunity to examine effective ways to cope with anxiety. He stated that he will utilize the strategies to improve his anxiety. Timothy stated that he will continue to work on his anxiety issues.

Furthermore, the material collected throughout the assessment will depict detailed information about the client, and how it structure the course of treatment, which provides a goal towards determining the clients difficulties within the use of intervention typically utilized in the treatment of anxiety. This assignment will also demonstrate therapy sessions, and attentive

Underlying beliefs are based on an individual’s thoughts or cognitions relating to their attitudes and assumptions and are defined by Beck, et al (1979) as schemas. Beliefs and schemas are established from childhood and previous experiences and determine how an individual views themselves, others and the world around them (Beck 1995), they can also determine how an individual reacts to situations. If theses schemas are negative this can lead to maladaptive thinking and interactions between negative thoughts, emotions and physiological changes that can result in dysfunctional patterns of

Leon is a 45-year old male who entered a clinic to obtain treatment for his depression. Reviewing Leon’s past and current issues, it is most accurate to state that Leon is experiencing Social Anxiety Disorder 300.23 (F40.10). Leon meets all the criteria documented (except Criteria E., as it does not state specifically that Leon is threatened by any means in any social settings), which goes as follows: A. “Marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny by others. Examples include social interactions, being observed, and performing in front of others” (Leon experienced/experiences all three circumstances consistently throughout his lifetime [oral participation, invitations to

“While biological factors certainly increase the vulnerability to developing fear and phobia, findings have not yet confirmed that these behaviors are controlled by biological mechanisms” (Rofé). Treating and understanding, psychoanalysis, phobias are believed to be a defense mechanism against trauma that might have been brought up as child. It still debated wether phobias are biological or created through life experiences. Due to varied experiments and evaluation, stating phobias derive from young childhood traumas would be untruthful and not factual. In the theory of psychoanalytic fear and phobias are created if the child remembers the experience which have brought

Irene V. Blair, the first author of the article being studied is an associate professor in the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience at the University of Colorado-Boulder (UCB). She is an affiliate researcher with the Kaiser Permanente Institute for Health Research and also the Associate Editor for the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. Her research mainly focuses on stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. Blair’s research drills down about the underlying subtle or implicit processes of the previously mentioned topics. Her current research topics are regarding issues in health care and how social biases plays a role in it. Charles M. Judd has acquired his Ph.D. from the Columbia University in 1976, he is with the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience at the UCB. His research is in fields of social cognition and attitudes, and attitude structure. Few of the researches are associated with function and measurement, intergroup relations and stereotypes. Moreover, Judd seems to have an eclectic attitude towards research as he similarly has research work in fields like linear structural models and experimental design and analysis apart from those associated with behavior, attitude and stereotypes. Kristine M. Chapleau was an Undergraduate from the UCB, currently she is a Fellow with the Indiana University School of Medicine where she provides psychotherapy to adults who are going through disorders like borderline personality disorder, schizophrenia, and

Furthermore, this patient meets the criteria for Social Anxiety Disorder (F40.10) as evidenced by poor relationship with people, inability to make or keep friends, fear of panicking or doing something wrong as well as inability to communicate or associate with people who are not members of his family. His symptoms have persisted for over a period of 6 months and causes impairment in his social and school live (DSM-5,

Social Phobia, also called social anxiety disorder (SAD), is one of the most common, but misconstrued mental health problems in society. According to the Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA), over 15 million adults suffer from the disorder. First appearing in the DSM-III as Social Phobia, and later in the DSM-IV as Social Anxiety Disorder, this newly established disorder denotes afflicting stress and anxiety associated with social situations (Zakri 677). According to James W. Jefferson, two forms of Social phobia exist: specific and generalized. Specific social phobia indicates anxiety limited to few performance situations, while generalized indicates anxiety in all social situations (Jefferson). Many people often interchangeably link this disorder to shyness––a personality trait. However, although they have striking similarities, the two are divergent. To begin with, SAD has an extensive etiology ranging from multiple factors. Furthermore, symptoms of various aspects accompany SAD. Moreover, SAD has detrimental impacts affecting quality of life. Lastly, SAD has numerous methods of treatment. Social Phobia is prevalent in both women and men beginning at the onset of puberty (ADAA).

Automatic thinking is a term that comes up a lot around these parts and refers to the self-talk or narrative that folks with depression and anxiety immediately engage in as a response to an activating event or trigger. Automatic thinking can be the result of a trigger or can act as a trigger for distress. Many of the clients I work with are often curious about how or why this type of thinking occurs. The primary source of automatic thinking are core beliefs; beliefs that we hold about ourselves, others and/or the world around us. Individuals who struggle with a mental health issue typically have negative core beliefs that can influence thinking on a variety of events that occur on a day to day basis.

Among all anxiety problems, social anxiety disorder is most common anxiety issue and third most common problem in all mental complications (American Psychiatric Association, 2000; Hofmann & Bogels, 2006). SAD is a mental disorder which has a tendency to become chronic and badly disturbs normal functions of life if not diagnosed and treated in time (Beesdo-Baum, et al., 2012; Garcia-Lopez, Piqueras, Diaz-Castela, & Ingles, 2008). It is also among the most prevailing mental disorders and is described in Criterion A of DSM-V as “Marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny by others. Examples include social interactions (e.g., having a conversation, meeting unfamiliar people), being observed (e.g., eating or drinking), and performing in front of others (e.g., giving a speech)” (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). A specific amount of anxiety is always anticipated socially and helps an individual managing future threats (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). But having social anxiety means that anxiety is too much for normal functioning during social situations and often interferes with

His treatment plan goals are to reduce his sensitivity of criticism and improve his social skills. Use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to develop trust, agreeability, and practice nonjudgmental thought processes during psychoanalytical therapy sessions. Short term goals: “develop therapeutic alliance with client, model appropriate communication, track baseline functioning using a chart including triggers and frequency, use psychoeducation to address relationship” (Gehart & Tuttle, 2003, pp. 180-181). Long term goals: use contingency contracts, identify symptoms that signal return of symptoms and devise a plan, identify

For those suffering from anxiety and depression, life can be very lonely. Finding help for them become a necessity to living a normal and healthy life again. Help can come in many ways; it can be ways to relieve stress, ways to relieve anxiety, and information on how to get rid of social anxiety disorder. Strategies for reduction are very important to obtain and refine, but all of this requires a little help from specialists who know what a sufferer is going through.

As recommended by the supervisors, I worked towards looking at their charts and understanding their history. It was helpful to gather information through the comprehensive assessment, the individualized plan, and the clinician’s progress notes. One of the new clients has been diagnosed with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and panic disorder. It was disheartening to read her history and I prepared myself for exploring my challenges working with her. The first stage of the session went well, however in the exploration stage, the client mentioned that, “Nothing is working as I have tried