Nectarine Lab Report

aerogenes usually is found in the gastrointestinal tract, and in non-compromised individuals usually doesn’t cause disease (Enterobacter Aerogenes, 2015). This means that it is an opportunistic pathogen and only causes disease in the right conditions. It is significant in the healthcare context because it is a major cause of nosocomial infections. An interesting academic article stated that, “Enterobacter aerogenes is recognized as an important bacterial pathogen in hospital-acquired infections. This report describes two unusual cases of septicemia caused by E. aerogenes in immunocompetent healthcare workers” (Jha et al., 2010). This journal describes how E. aerogenes in this instance caused septicemia in healthy workers at a hospital. It was the first case ever reported and has alerted the population of the risks of this bacterial species. It is especially important that to study E. aerogenes now because it could potentially be the cause of a new emerging disease in healthy

Staphylococcus aureus is a gram positive cocci that forms grape like clusters, produces catalase, has a peptidoglycan and teichoic acid cell wall, and has a G + C content of DNA ranging from 30-40 mol%. An estimated 20% of the human population is long-term carriers of S. aureus, appearing in the nares of the nasal passages and also part of the natural skin flora which is the most common species of Staphylococcus to cause Staph infections. S. aureus is a successful pathogen due to a combination of nasal carriage and bacterial immuno-evasive strategies. S. aureus can cause minor skin infections, pimples, impetigo, boils or furuncles, cellulitis, folliculitis, carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome, and abscesses. Life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, bacteremia, and sepsis are also caused by pathenogenic S. aureus. Its extent ranges from skin, soft tissue, respiratory, bone, joint, and endovascular to wound infections. Nosocomial infections and often postsurgical wound infections are a commonly caused by S. aureus. S. aureus is also a prominent cause of food poisoning in the US, and can be transmitted by different foods, including milk and

INTRODUCTION Glutamine is the most abundant non-essential amino acid in tissue pools. It is largely synthesized in skeletal muscle from glutamate and free ammonia, to then be released into the bloodstream and used as a major fuel for lymphocytes, enterocytes, and reticulocytes. (1). Several studies suggest that prolonged exercise shows a substantial decrease in skeletal muscle glutamine. The mechanism by which exercise decreases glutamine is not well established.

Staphylococcus aureus is a cluster bacterium that can be found on the skin of around 25% of healthy adults. This bacterium is growing everyday all over the world and many people have no idea they are even carriers. “Staphylococcus aureus is present in the nose of adults (temporarily in 60% and permanently in 20 to 30%) and sometimes on the skin” (Levison). This bacterium has the ability to cause skin infection and sometimes may lead to severe life threatening diseases. There are several different strains of staphylococcus and depending on the severity of the infection is how a health care provider decides the treatment most efficient. Impetigo is more common in children, but adults still have the chance of getting this skin condition. Toxic Shock Syndrome is also associated with S. aureus and is found in at least 50% of the cases to date. S. aureus can display a variety of symptoms and all vary with the disease at hand. Symptoms can range from a boil on the skin or in the nose to skin rashes. More severe symptoms can be carbuncles and infection of the blood (sepsis).Staphylococcus aureus is an ugly bacterium; that can lead to several diseases, such as Toxic Shock Syndrome and Impetigo. S. aureus has multiple symptoms and is treated with a variety of antibiotics.

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive coccal bacterium which is estimated to have colonised 20-30% of the human population.1,2,3 S. aureus is normally found in the anterior nares and mucous membranes of these individuals. For the majority, this is not a problem as these people are colonised, not infected.2,3 However S. aureus is an opportunistic pathogen and if it contaminates a breach in the skin or mucous membranes, it can go on to infect any tissue in the body.3 Infection may lead to serious life threatening diseases such as pneumonia.4 Over time strains of S. aureus were able to develop resistance to antibiotics, resulting in strains known as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

The liver plays a central role in the nitrogen metabolism in the body. The nitrogen transport is performed mainly from muscle and lung to the liver, as glutamine, plus alanine and aspartate. The breakdown of glutamine releases NH3 that through mitochondrial enzymes comes as a substrate in the urea cycle, producing urea and ornithine. In the kidney, the action of glutaminase produces the NH3, because that glutamine is quantitatively the most important donor of NH3 in this tissue. In collecting tubule NH3 combines with exported H+ to form NH4+, which is lost in the urine. Thereby, glutamine metabolism is essential for acid-base buffering [33], and also plays an important role in the biosynthesis of nucleotides, detoxification of ammonia, glutathione

Title: Time taken for Agar Gel to Neutralize in Different Molars of Acid. Introduction: General Paragraph introducing cells/cell theory Paragraph discussing structure of cell membrane and transport of molecules through membrane. Diffusion occurs when tiny molecules pass through the bilayer of the membrane in a cell. Diffusion depends on carrier proteins imbedded in the membrane to allow few substances to pass through.

If the individual who has s. aureus doesn't get the treatment this will develop more rashes, redness, swellings and pain. Depending how bad the pathogen gets it can lead to fever and contagious rashes due to this the people around them will get infected also this can pass on to their babies which will cause them blisters and scaled kin syndrome.

These microorganisms are transmitted from poor hand hygiene from health care workers to patients as well as touching of contaminated equipment and environmental surfaces. Microorganisms are most commonly introduced to susceptible sites such as open wounds or other portals of entry by contaminated hands. Infection leads to adverse clinical outcomes and can directly threat patient recovery.

Studies show that unwashed or lightly rinsed vegetables can harbor pathogenic bacteria and have been implicated in numerous foodborne infections. The objective of this experiment was to obtain a quantitative viable plate count of enteric bacteria present in a sample of broccoli sprout water. To enumerate the number of bacterial colonies present in the sample, we performed serial dilutions of broccoli water spread onto MacConkey Agar plates. MacConkey Agar is a selective and differential media. It is used to select enteric bacteria and differentiate lactose-fermenters from non-lactose fermenters. Utilizing this process illustrated the potential amount of foodborne illness causing bacteria present on foods, specifically fresh broccoli

S. aureus infections ranges from superficial skin infections to fatal systemic infection. Systemic infections occur when the integrity of skin is damaged and pathogen gains access to sterile sites. Common S. aureus infections include boils, cellulitis, folliculitis and impetigo. Immunocompromised people are at greater risk of infection. They are at high risk of infection for a variety of reasons, such as T-cell or B-cell defect or deficiency, foreign body, prolonged antimicrobial therapy, malignancy or prolonged hospitalization.

The agar slops provided a clear visual of microbial cultures. When E. coli and S. aureus were inoculated onto respective agar slopes physical difference between them could be identified. E.coli had more texture to its culture, was lighter in colour and opaque while S. aureus was more smooth, shiny, translucent, and had a slight yellow

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a facultative anaerobic bacterium. It is part of the normal human flora and is found on the skin. Colonies of these bacteria can produce a protective slime called a hydrophobic biofilm. Staphylococcus epidermidis is usually not pathogenic unless it enters the human body. One of the most common places for infections are hospitals where people often have weakened immune systems, open wounds or medical devices implanted in their bodies. Staphylococcus epidermidis can be fatal because of the protective biofilm and the bacteria’s resistance to common antibiotics makes the infection difficult to treat. This stresses the

S. epidermidis account for anywhere from sixty to ninety percent of our microbiota; they exist in a commensal relationship, colonizing in the armpits, between the legs, in the nose, throat, and eyes where they are able survive by metabolizing secretions (John et al.; Namvar et al.; Otto; Tortora et al. 404 and 591). As part of our natural microflora S. epidermidis provide for competitive exclusion to potentially harmful bacteria, such as coagulase-positive staphylococci, Staph. aureus. Likewise, our body’s use nasal secretions, ciliary action, conjunctiva, and tears to limit S. epidermidis colonization. Typically S. epidermidis function as innocuous, friendly bacteria on the human skin, it is not until this barrier is broken that S. epidermidis may act as an enemy (Otto; Tortora et al. 592). Immunosuppressed people and very low birth weight newborns are at greater risk for S. epidermidis infection as well (Cheung and Otto; John et

Staphylococcus (staph) bacteria are normally found on the skin or in the nose of healthy people. There is a slight chance that the staph on the skin or