A highly regarded art form, music aids in defining cultural phenomenon that individuals use to experience, communicate and express emotional states. Music is also known to evoke an emotional response that is associated with physiological arousal (Olsen & Stevens, 2013). Past and present research has defined arousal as an early emotional response. The present study seeks to examine physiological response (anxiety) in response to classical music through the measurement of skin conductance level (SCL). The purpose of this study is to determine if music affects, specifically lowers, the amount of physiological arousal (anxiety) experienced by a participant while listening to classical music. SCL works by passing an electrical current across …show more content…
Those with GAD also experience fatigue, muscle tension, difficulty sleeping, irritability, restlessness and edginess (ADAA, 2015). Worry and anxiety are a natural part of everyday life, but for those with GAD, the worry becomes so severe that it impairs their normal functioning. The lifetime prevalence of GAD is 28%, with a mean age of onset at 11 years (Duval et al., 2015). This section will focus on the neurological information of GAD, current research and the effect music has on GAD. Neuroscience. When an anxiety response occurs, objectively unthreatening stimuli becomes threatening (Davidson, 2013). To help cope with stress, the brain releases the hormone cortisol (Bear, Connors & Paradiso, 2007). During the fear and anxiety response, the central nucleus of the amygdala is active; once active, an excitatory response in the hypothalamus occurs (Davidson, 2013). This excitation causes corticotrophin-releasing-hormone (CRH) to be released; CRH then triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete ACTH (Davidson, 2013). The ACTH levels in the blood stream cause cortisol to be released from the adrenal cortex and once the levels of cortisol become high, the hippocampus activates, suppressing the release of CRH (Davidson, 2013). The bloodstream carries cortisol to the brain, where it bind to receptors in the cytoplasm of man
Case study: Samuel Prior to sensing danger, Samuel`s normal stress levels were kept under control by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis producing special thyroid hormones. This state started to alter when he noticed he was being followed. It totally changes to a different axis when he heard the boys saying ‘let`s get him’. When his sympathetic nervous system senses danger, an action potential triggers neurons in his hypothalamus situated in the brain, to release a peptide hormone. This is known as the corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH).
The adrenal medulla is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system to release norepinephrane and epinephrine in response to stress.
There are numerous neurological changes occurring in our body as a response to fear. Specifically, two pathways are activated: the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic- pituitary- adrenal pathway. In a similar way, both pathways commence by receiving messages from the hypothalamus, an area of the brain responsible for many functions in the body, such as activating the autonomic nervous system, controlling different organs, and managing physiological functions. If the hypothalamus emits messages that we are facing a threatening situation, it will release different chemicals to either the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic- pituitary- adrenal pathway. This sympathetic nervous system are “nerve fibers of the autonomic
Once your brain has decided there’s a danger, in stressful situations, it sends immediate nerve signals down your spinal cord to the pituitary gland and all the ways to the kidneys where your adrenal gland resides, which is how adrenaline is released. Once released, adrenaline increases the amount of sugar in your blood, increases your heart rate and raises your blood pressure. The brain’s hypothalamus also sends signals to your pituitary gland, which allows the body to release Cortisol: Cortisol is a stress response that allows the blood and sugar pressure to remain high, which helps when escaping from danger. For instance, in an interview, which presents a challenge, simulated the same biological reaction that a threat to your life does.
It works by the hypothalamus producing corticotrophin-releasing-hormone that. stimulates the pituitary gland to release adrenal-corticortrophic hormone. The adrenal-corticortrophic hormone alerts the adrenal glands to produce corticosterioid and glucocorticoids then it restarts. Also when the threat passes, cortisol levels fall and the parasympathetic nervous system dampens the stress response (Understanding the stress
Some common symptoms of GAD are difficulty concentrating; which leaves the individual incapable of focusing on things that may seen to be normal to others. Fatigue a feeling of being tired or with out energy to do daily things, Irritability; which can cause grouchiness and crankiness also the feeling of wanting to be left alone, GAD also can lead to long periods of restlessness, and at times sleeplessness (American Psychological Association, 1997)
and anxiety. GAD is common and it is the least studied of the anxiety disorders. A number of GAD follow-up studies completed after 1980
Pacemaker cells rhythmically produce electrical signals that will traverse through the heart and ultimately excite contractile cells. These electrical currents produced by pacemaker cells are large enough to be detected by recording electrodes on the skin, and thus an electrocardiogram (ECG) can be created. An ECG is made of three distinct components: the P-wave produced by atrial depolarization, the QRS complex produced by ventricular depolarization, and the T-wave produced by ventricular repolarization. Because the QRS complex has the largest amplitude and is easiest to detect, it was the ECG component chosen to be measured throughout the present experiment. Additionally, the rate at which QRS complexes are produced by the pacemaker cells in a given interval can be used to determine heart rate. Like the electrical activity of the brain, cardiac activity can vary in response to a multitude of different factors such as autonomic activity. In attempt to further explore the correlation between autonomic activity and emotion evoked by musical listening suggested by previous studies (Iwanaga et al., 2005; Orini et al., 2010), we measured heart rate and QRS complex amplitude as various music genres were being listened to. These experiments were conducted in order to better understand the physiological properties and mechanisms used by the human body to influence cardiac activity in response to various music genres being listened
Katzman (2009) briefly reviews the symptoms of GAD that make it so difficult to cope with. GAD is recognized by general excessive worrying, symptoms of hyper vigilance, hyper-arousal, and general nonspecific anxiety. These abstract symptoms often express themselves somatically as well. Tension, fatigue, chest pain, sleep disturbance, irritable bowel syndrome, and other significant co-morbid physical ailments, like heart disease and diabetes, are all ways GAD can be physically manifested. Cuijpers et al. (2014) elaborates on the ailments associated with GAD and emphasizes the restlessness, problems concentrating, and general autonomic nervous system arousal, all symptoms that deem it a "disabling mental disorder" (p. 131). Furthermore, a meta-analysis by Haller et al. (2014) reveals that participants with GAD experienced levels of distress that were significantly higher than controls and they also experienced a much lower level of functioning within the realm of daily psychosocial activities. Functional impairment and distress are highly reported within this population and is an essential criterion of the DSM
Through observation of other studies, it was noted that the septohipocampal axis neurons were as the article mentioned, “activated when anxious behavior was induced by stress in mouse models” (Neith, 2014). The article goes on to point out that the LS is relatively near the hypothalamus and is thought to inhibit neurons in this region as well as the paraventricular nueuculus or PVN. As it turns out the PVN is well known for its control over the release of the stress hormone cortisol.
The fight or flight response is a complex response that affects a great deal of the body. Initially, a signal travels to the brain, to which the amygdala responds. The amygdala sends a nerve impulse to the hypothalamus, which sends a chemical signal to the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland then releases a hormone that travels to the adrenal gland, along with the nerve impulse from the hypothalamus. Within the adrenal gland, the impulse initiates the release of epinephrine and adrenaline, which affect various cell types. Inside the adrenal gland, the adrenal cells are affected by the presence of the hormone and activate the G protein complex. This complex stimulates adenylate cyclase, which converts ATP into cAMP. cAMP activates the protein Kinase A, or PKA, which releases catalytic subunits. These subunits travel to the mitochondrial membrane and activate the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein. This protein mediates importing cholesterol into the mitochondria, which uses enzymes to convert the cholesterol into 17-OH-pregnenolone. The pregnenolone is then released to the endoplasmic reticulum,
Music has been suggested to affect the body’s physiological patterns in many ways. A study done in 2003 (Yamamoto et. al) exemplified the wavering levels of neurotransmitters as the type of music was changed. When the participants listen to slow-rhythm music their plasma levels of norepinephrine decreased,
The subjects used in the experiment were 5 females and 5 males from McGill University. They were all in the 20-30 age range, and had over 8 years of music training each. Musicians were used because they were considered more likely to experience strong responses to music than the average person. These people were selected, as they reported feeling chills frequently and strongly after listening to certain
Music elicits an emotional and cognitive response in all who listen to it. It is powerful at the individual level because “it can induce multiple responses – physiological, movement, mood, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral” (Francis, 2008,
Introduction Research Topic: Music makes up a huge part of our life and its everywhere. From the music we listen to on the radio to our favorite artist. According to Doctor Bernardi, music does have any effect on how we feel (2007). Whether it makes us happy or sad, energetic or lazy, the effects of music are observable in our everyday life. Since there is an effect of music on our mood, my investigation will be see if there is a correlation between the genre of music and the heartrate, in humans. Aim: To investigate the effects of different genres of music, such as rock music and classical music, on the heart rate? Research Hypothesis: There is a relation between different music genres and heart rate; as heavier music genres such as rock will lead to a higher heart rate than the soft classical music. Scope of the research: Investigating the different effects of music genres on the pulse. By recording the responses of each participant, as the music moves from soft genres to hard genres. Genres such as Classical and Rock but the songs of each will have different tempos to each other to get accurate results. To see if the different types of genres of music create psychological responses of the sympathetic nervous system on the heart. The research will be done most primarily and partially secondarily. THE METHOD: Take participants aged 18 and below. Make 20 participants sit down and rest in a quiet environment. After sometime take the pulse of the each participant. This pulse