Multiple Discriminatory Cases

In evaluating Stephanie’s heritage it becomes apparent there are several salient factors that will initially shape her world view and ideas about counseling. The most significant factor will be her White heritage. As mentioned before, Stephanie growing up in a White family automatically affords her white privilege, even if she realizes it or not. This white privilege means that Stephanie may not be able to relate to minority groups and the struggles they face with discrimination and racism (Hays, Chang, & Dean, 2004).

When one is exposed on a daily basis to racial micro assalut it has psychological consequences. In a study examining harassement in the workplace conducted in four different facilites minority women were significantly

Due to the increase in racial and ethnic diversity in the United Sates there is a great need to provide counseling interventions that cater for social issues that are attributed to the racial and ethnic diversity. Presently, efforts are being made to implement social justice advocacy strategies and interventions into counseling practices. Thus, counselors are encouraged to be agents and advocates for social justice, oppression, and discrimination (Ratts & Hutchins, 2009). At the forefront of social justice counseling approaches, is the need to empower the oppressed or marginalized individual by confronting injustices and inequalities that affect the individual at the systemic level (Pedersen, Lonner, Draguns, Trimble, & Rio, 2015).

Several leaders in the past were recognized and are still being recognized for their efforts in trying to deal with various societal issues such as discrimination from those considered superior in the society. Among them inclue Thmas Jefferson and Elizabeth Cady, who spoke in different ways about how leaders should deal with the discrimination challenges and the reasons for abolishing discrimination against the minority. They shared similarities in the way they wanted humankind to achieve liberation in different forms, although they also exhibited differences in the way this objective was to be achieved. They believed that the leadership of any society was responsible for wellbeing of its people in different ways and this implied that they

The need to provide mental health services to culturally diverse clients has increased over the past couple of years due to the increase in racial and ethnic diversity in the United Sates. Consequently, there is a need for mental health professionals to offer effective interventions that address social issues that accompany racial and ethnic diversity (Constantine, Hage, Kindaichi, & Bryant, 2007). Research shows that efforts are being made to implement social justice advocacy strategies and interventions into counseling practices. This growing movement calls for counselors to be agents and advocates for social justice, oppression, and discrimination (Ratts & Hutchins, 2009). Social justice counseling approaches focus on empowering the individual by actively confronting injustices and inequalities that affects clients in their systemic frameworks (Pedersen, Lonner, Draguns, Trimble, & Rio, 2015).

Several participants described their conceptualization of experiences with microaggressions, and it appeared as though they engaged in an appraisal process to determine if they had experienced a racially discriminatory event. This is congruent with previous empirical and theoretical findings related to experiences of discrimination. For instance, in the stress coping model created by Lazarus and Folkman (1984) the initial step is to appraise the event that has transpired. Lazarus and Folkman theorized that this appraisal happens in two stages. First, one engages in primary appraisal, which allows an individual to categorize and event as irrelevant or deleterious. Second, secondary appraisal allow for a determination

The government's first action to battle racial discrimination was the enforcement act of 1870, this act banned racial discrimination in voter registration. It also established consequences for those who interfered with one's right to vote. The government's second attempt to end discrimination was the enforcement act of 1871 which allowed federal oversight at elections if any citizen felt it was necessary. This act came with harsher punishments. The third and final attempt to end discrimination was the Ku Klux Klan act. This made any state official accountable in federal courts for stripping anybody of their civil right or protection of the law.  The KKK act also made several of their ploys federal offenses. This resulted on several hundred

A significant investigation into the field of trauma is whether those affected experience and responds to trauma in ways as other diverse groups of individuals. Biological, psychological or sociocultural factors are causes in the differences in the response to trauma, and are additional shields against the development of PTSD (Ruglass, & Tackett, 2016). It has often been realized that there are limitations when grouping individuals according to race, ethnicity or culture. When referring to race, biological or physical characteristics are used to classify groups of people based on (e.g. Caucasian or African American, etc.). Identifying one with a particular group based on culture and heritage corresponds to their ethnicity. Racial or ethnicity minority group members typically experience a significant amount of racism, prejudice and discrimination, due to their minority status. Although racial and ethnic minority groups comprise about thirty seven percent of the United States citizens, Ruglass & Tackett (2016) assert that there is little research in trauma on these

To effectively lessen the effects of lifelong racism and discrimination, Hays & Erford (2014) recommends a strength-based approach, with the counselor focusing on the individual and family capacities. Focusing on the client’s positive attributes and favorable cultural norms can encourage one to become more resilient (Vaterlaus, Skogrand, & Chaney, 2015). Furthermore, applying counseling skills such as unconditional positive regard, empathy, consistency, focusing on the client, and providing a supportive environment can all help the therapeutic relationship (Hays & Erford, 2014). Additionally, making the counselor/client relationship equal will also allow the client to feel more comfortable, may dispel the mistrust of counseling prominent in African American culture (Hays & Erford, 2014). Finally, acknowledging the racial differences with the client could encourage them to discuss the racism and discrimination they may have experienced (Hays & Erford, 2014).

Post-traumatic stress disorder is a well known disorder that takes over the life of it’s victim. We know that anyone has the chance of facing this challenging disorder but does race/ culture have anything to do with it? Throughout this paper we will be trying to answer this question and many more. This paper’s main focus is on what post-traumatic stress disorder is, what evidence provided by researchers leads us to believe that race and ethnicity has something to do with PTSD rates and last but not least the few ways on how to treat PTSD patients properly.

African Americans experience specific events of danger related to race that overwhelm the nervous system and require us to recover. These dangers may be real or perceived discrimination, threats of harm and injury, police incidents, and humiliating and shaming events. The aggressors may be black or white. These events stand out in our memory and have long-term impact on our perception of ourselves and our social environments. As mentioned in the previous discussion, some African Americans are stronger after recovering from these events, and others have long-term declines in their ability to cope with future stresses and threats.

Both Asian Americans and Native Americans have faced oppression and discrimination for over two-hundred years (Hays and Erford, 2014). In this paper, I will identify how a counselor can reduce the effects of racism and discrimination that has affected Asian and Native Americans. Additionally, I will address what role a counselor plays in reducing the stigma of mental illness within both Asian and Native American’s community. Furthermore, I will highlight how the reading material from your textbook aligns with the issues presented in the videos, Asian American/Pacific Islanders and Mental Health and The Mental Health of Native Americans as well as how these issues

Seaton, E. K., Upton, R., Gilbert, A., & Volpe, V. (2014) A moderated mediation model: Racial discrimination, coping strategies, and racial identity among black adolescents. Child Development, vol. 85(3), 882-890.

Those that study racial discrimination over mixed races tend to find that those individual usually do not have another mixed race relative or friend that can relate to the same situation as them. But psychologists believe that it’s best for individuals to seek help from those that are of mixed race if they have been discriminated against. But to also know that they are not alone. “Adolescents who do not have a stable racial identity show lower self-esteem,” says Astrea Greig, a Psychological Doctor that meets with multi and mono-racial young adults (and children) over substance abuse and perceived discrimination. And this being a stable racial identity, occurs when individuals either young or old, have been discriminated or brought down emotionally and psychologically over being mixed-race (or even mono-racial) that they are depressed/ashamed over the fact that they are mixed. This striking a fairly large problem, it’s best to find a biracial-multiracial, referring from what was mentioned earlier, to help when problems such as discrimination occur. It’s best not going through such as thing alone and is better when someone has a support

Minority groups in society have faced prejudice and discrimination throughout history and they continue to face it today. Religion and government have immense power to dictate what is seen as “correct behavior” in society. Furthermore, it is when minority groups infringe on these beliefs, that they can face this extreme prejudice and discrimination. Minority groups who have faced these adversities include First Nations and LGBTQ+ groups. Two stories that show the adversities that these groups face are A Word From the Nearly Distant Past by David Levithan and Totem by Thomas King.