Mitochondria Lab Report

The genes which encode for the mitochondria’s component proteins are in 2 separate genetic systems in 2 different locations. One of which is the cell nucleus, but the other is inside the organelle itself. There are relatively few genes inside the

The mitochondria is an organelle of a cell. It works as it was the digestive system, it’s in charge of obtaining the nutrients, then break them down, and finally, all that work is for maintaining the cell full of energy, so they would be as the power plants of the cell. The mitochondria are in charge of creating 90% of the energy that our bodies need so it can sustain life and support our growth. The mitochondria are small organelles that floats all through the cell. Some cells have many, lots of mitochondria, but others just have none; for example, the muscle cells need a lot of energy, so they contain lots of mitochondria, otherwise, neurons don’t need as much. Depending of the quantity of energy that the cell needs, mitochondria could be created.

The control and mitochondrial-free fractions had high concentrations of DCIP and low enzyme activities compared to the mitochondria fractions. The mitochondria fraction had higher enzyme activity and low concentration of DCIP compared to the inhibited mitochondria with malanote fraction and the fractions without any mitochondria. Introduction: The mitochondrion is an important part of the basic plant and animal cell, serving a function as a main

Mitochondria generate chemical energy, similar to the type of energy you get from a battery. The energy made by the mitochondria is in the form of a chemical called adenosine triphosphate or ATP for short. ATP is an energy currency that every cell in our body can use and

Mitochondria of B. oleracea florets were used because they do not contain chloroplasts (which contain SDH too) and both would be present in the pellet after differential centrifugation (Willeford et al., 1989); thus florets were used so that the source of electrons could be related to the activity of mitochondrial SDH, and isolated by mechanical disruption of the plasma membrane to release subcellular compartments, filtered (to remove unfractured cells and extracellular material) and then suspended components were separated from the mitochondria by differential centrifugation. Succinate was reacted with SDH, and its activity was quantified by DCIP and spectrophotometry to establish the rate of SDH enzyme activity. Three fractions (mitochondria-free (MFF), mitochondria (MF) and mitochondria with malonate (MF-M) fractions) and a control were prepared, and assay buffer was added to each of the four samples to provide a favourable environment to maintain the mitochondrial structure and optimal SDH activity (Schneider and Hogeboom, 1951). The rate of SDH activity was indirectly measured by a standard curve of the absorbance against concentration of DCIP (a colorimetric test). The rate of DCIP absorbance correlated with the rate of change in DCIP concentration (also related to the DCIP’s electron acceptance rate) and was presumed to indicate the rate of SDH activity.

In addition to energy production, mitochondria play a role in several other cellular activities such as regulating apoptosis which is the programmed self-destruction process of cells and producing substances such as heme which is a component of hemoglobin, and cholesterol (2).

Fig. 5 A. Mean number of mitochondria/µm2 ± SEM within 80 µm of the soma for wildtype mitochondria (WT - red) and Rett syndrome mitochondria (RTT – blue), both after 10 days in vitro. B. Mean number of mitochondria/µm2 ± SEM within 16-32, 32-48, 48-64 and 64-80 µm of the soma for wildtype

Mitochondria provide the energy used within our cell to carry the vast variety of actives that is fundamental life (). Without the huge input of ATP derived from the mitochondria, the

Mitochondrion’s most important job is to produce energy through cellular respiration. Mitochondria does this by taking in nutrients from the cell itself, breaking it down and then turning it into energy. Then, the energy gathered is utilised by the cell to carry out various functions, hence this organelle is also known as the ‘powerhouse’ of the cell. Its purpose is to keep the cell full of energy.

Mitochondria convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use. They are the power plants of the cell.

On the planet, Earth, prokaryotic and eukaryotic are the two major types of cells. Prokaryotic cells are defined as cells with genetic material and cell chemicals all enclosed within a cell wall, and having no defined organelles or nucleus (except ribosomes). Organisms in this group are small in size and mainly consist of bacteria. Eukaryotic cells, however, are defined as having a ‘’true’’ nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and chromosomes. The nucleus of eukaryotic cells houses the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and directs the synthesis of proteins and ribosomes. Prokaryotic cells, however, are much older cells as these cells are quite ancient and were the only form on planet Earth for billions of years, soon giving birth to eukaryotic cells 1.5 billion years ago.

The amount of MDA was evaluated by Zhang et al. 2008 protocol [44]. Incubation of isolated mitochondria with different concentrations of uranyl acetate was performed for 1 hour at 30 °C. 0.25 ml of sulfuric acid (0.05 M) was added to 0.2 ml of mitochondrial samples and then 0.3 ml TBA 0.2% was added. Afterwards, prepared microtubes were left in a boiling water bath for 30 min.

The hub of energy metabolism, the mitochondrion, is found in virtually all eukaryotic cells, with the exception being erythrocytes. The mitochondrion generates cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), mostly by means of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system that is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The respiratory chain (CI-CIV) and ATP synthase (CV) is collectively known as the OXPHOS system, encoded by both nuclear DNA (nDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The number of mitochondria per cell, ranging from hundreds to thousands, is controlled by the energy requirements of specific tissues with the greatest abundance of mitochondria found in metabolic active tissue (Pieczenik and Neustadt, 2007). Mitochondrial disease is caused when there is a defect in any of the numerous mitochondrial pathways, due to spontaneous or inherited mutations. Respiratory chain deficiencies (RCDs) are the largest subgroup of mitochondrial disease and occur when one of the four respiratory chain complexes become impaired. RCDs are considered to be one of the most common

The shape of the mitochondria perfectly allows it to produce at their best. They are made of two membranes. The membrane on the inside folds over many times and creates cristae, a layered structure. The membrane on the outside acts like skin, and covers the organelle. Inside the mitochondria, there is a contained liquid called matrix. In the matrix we can find ribosomes and floating DNA. We can also find here granules, which are structures which may control concentrations of ions. The surface area inside the organelle increases due to the folding of the inner membrane. Many of the chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria take place in the inner membrane, so this increased surface area gives more space for the chemical reactions to occur. It´s like this, you can get more work done if you have more space to do the work. We can observe similar strategies involving surface area in the microvilli in our intestines.

The mitochondria is known as the “power house” of a cell that functions at the site of respiration. Within the inner membrane, ATP synthesis occurs which provides energy to the cell and it other parts. Without function of a mitochondria, a cell would die; it has no energy to repair itself, has no energy to transport molecules across the membrane, transport nutrients, send signals to other cells, or any other processes. Metabolism, release of energy, movement, or forming new nucleotides would not occur simply because energy is not available.