Resource allocation as a result of herbivory has been predicted in plants, but of late has only been investigated. One way to determine resource allocation as a defense to herbivory is to measure both above ground and belowground biomass and calculate root:shoot ratio as an indicator of resource allocation. This study investigated the induced pattern of defense of resource allocation to root:shoot ratio as a response to simulated mechanical herbivory. Monarch butterfly larvae herbivory were simulated through mechanical herbivory of four treatments. It was found that there was a significant difference between species, but there were no significant differences between treatments. This study examines the divergent evolution in three species of milkweed responses to herbivory.
Introduction
Induced responses to herbivory are universal occurrence in
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tuberosa, exaltata, and sullivantii).The genus, milkweed, is a native weedy plant that occurs throughout eastern North America in numerous habitats such as roadsides, wooded areas, prairies, and mesic environments (Van Zandt and Agrawal, 2004). A. tuberosa is a species of milkweed that favors dry, sandy soil. A. exaltata is found in moist wooded areas in partial to full sun. A. sullivantii is a prairie species of milkweed that is common across North America. Milkweed is the major food plant for migrating monarch adults and their larvae. When damaged, milkweed plants immediately exude white latex that serves as a physical defense barrier to herbivores. This latex, along with all other plant parts, varies on their effectiveness depending if the herbivory is a specialist and generalist (Malcom and Zalucki, 1996). Resulting from a herbivory event, a plant will respond by allocating resources to belowground biomass thus increasing the root:shoot
Competition happens between two or more things. In talking about plants they compete with each to survive. When competing against each other to survive they are using soil, water, nitrogen, and space. In using theses resources and having theses available gives the plant a greater chance in living. Even though plants compete environmental wise it is still scene that there is a lot of unknown to why plants compete. Some researchers believe it could be because of the root size of an individual plant or the size of the seed, which gives it better competition in surviving (Miller, 1995). Different types of competition can happen between plants likes intraspecific and interspecific competition. Miller (1995) believes there is not enough research shown to make a determination as to why competition between plants happens and that there should be research done in looking at the evolution of plants in different environments where they can compete with each other. In looking at competition in plants in class the experiment that we conducted looks at the Brassica rapa in a intraspecific competition in different densities. Miller (1995) found that the B. rapa in intraspecific competition did have increase in the number of flowers that were produced. Comparing this to the finding of Miller, when looking at different densities of plants in a interspecific competition could the B. rapa have more of a change in growth because a higher density will have more seeds and the B.
Now that you have considered the different habitats in which the white clover is found and the factors
The story Night by Elie Wiesel is an autobiography about Elie as a young boy and his journey through the Holocaust. The story Night has similarities to a historical fiction on the Holocaust called Milkweed. The first similarity is the main character’s age range. Both of them are younger, but not exactly the same age. When Elie is put in the concentration camp, he is fifteen years old. It is unclear how old Misha, the protagonist in Milkweed, is, as there is not a specific age. However, we can assume he is about seven or eight because he makes friends with a girl who invites him to her seventh birthday. It makes sense that he would befriend someone relatively close to his age. Their similarity in age makes them more oblivious to what is going
Plants are found everywhere on earth, up high on the ridge and down low in caves and caverns. The types of plants that live in these places depends on many factors. These factors are separated into two different categories, the biotic factors and the abiotic factors. Some of the biotic factors include, predation, competition, and habitat destruction. Plants with limited competition and large amounts of resources will be in a higher abundance than plants with limited resources and higher competition rates will be confined to areas and either out competed or will be the dominant species. Certain plants adapt to these factors and thrive and others don’t do as well. Some of the abiotic factors include, sunlight, water, temperature, and wind. These
Milkweed is a book about a boy who is called Gypsy, Stoptheif and Jew. He becomes friends with a group of orphaned Jewish boys and lives with them. He is given a name and a backstory from Uri, who protects him. The name is Misha Pilsudski. Misha wants to become a Nazi when he gets older because of their boots but changes his mind. Misha meets a Jewish girl named Janina Milgrom, her family is forced to move to the Warsaw Ghetto. Misha eventually becomes part of the family and lives with them in the ghetto. Every night Misha slips through the 2 brick hole in the wall around the ghetto, to steal food. While Misha is stealing food he sees Uri and is warned to escape from the ghetto because trains are going to take the Jews away. Misha comes home
The three stories “Until Then I Had Only Read About These In Books”, Milkweed, and “The Guard” by Jennifer Roy are about Jewish children experiencing life during the Holocaust. They all experience the Nazi’s and while almost all of them feel the same way, their are still some differences. Two of the three excerpt’s are scared of the Nazi’s. Those excerpt’s are “U.T.I.H.O.R.A.T.T.I.B” and “The Guard”. The person from “The Guard” is clearly scared because they describe these horrible stories and she doesn’t make any eye contact with the guards and is scared when the guard pulls up his arm to light his cigarette, she thinks he’s going to shoot them!
If I had lived during the Holocaust, the hardships would include lack of shelter, starvation, and survival. To start, people struggled to find a safe shelter. The book Milkweed is about a boy who has to change the locations of his shelter to be able to survive. I know that during this time period a lot of people who were jewish were taken to concentration camps were they were forced to work and were treated harshly. Because of this people had to change the location of their shelter to escape getting caught. Additionally, people also had to face the struggles of starvation. Since hitler and his nazis were killing off a lot of people, the people who owned food stores could no longer sell food. This meant that people couldn’t get the same amount
For example, their concept indicates that prey species will alter their foraging habits to the features of the terrain in order to avoid areas with a high risk of predation. Predation risk in a changing environment is also focused on by the authors. There are many environmental variables that may influence the degree of predation risk such as weather, wildfires, and other conditions that influence ungulates’ access to vegetation. Finally, the authors focus on ecosystem responses to trophic cascades—primarily on riparian functions and on beaver and bird populations. They also inform us that wolves may represent an indirect control on beaver populations as well as cause ungulates to avoid some riparian areas—therefore reducing herbivory on wooden browse species.
Sadly, the monarch butterflies are drastically decreasing due to the fact that the plant they need to survive, the milkweed plant, is slowly but surely diminishing.
Why is a homeless boy nice to a family that he doesn’t even know? Misha is a homeless boy who is brought into a family “ the Milgroms”. Misha is a caring person to the Milgroms family. The Milgrom family also trust Misha with their daughter. The Milgrom family is caring to Misha they treat Misha like their own son. In “Milkweed”, Jerry Spinelli uses trust and caring to explain why the Milgrom family trust and cares about Misha.
The other birds use the prairie grass for their habitat (National Park Service, 2015a). If the prairie grass were to get replaced by some other type of plant or get removed from farming, then the habitat of those birds is now destroyed. The butterfly distribution depends upon the presence of appropriate host plants, which in turn vary according to local soil, moisture, temperature, and elevation (National Park Service, 2015a).
Species will thrive in an environment with abundant food supplies and ideal conditions. The experiment will prove the effects factors such as nutrient availability and density affects the exponential growth of Duckweed. Factors contributing to a thriving community include abundant food, clean environments, and space among other resources. Duckweed can live in extreme environments except freezing poles and deserts (Naturia.per.sg). Under adequate ph., temperature, and availability of nutrients this aquatic plant will double its biomass in 16 hours to 2 days through asexual reproduction. If the plant is in a limited space the population will reach a maximum carrying capacity as its roots and leaves occupy the container. As overcrowding begins
Ocotillo is part of the Fouquieria family, and it is usually find in desert environments. The natural habitat for this specie is usually in hot and dry weathers, rocky slopes and drained soil. Some of the aspects that can limit the growth and survival of Ocotillo are herbivory predation and pollination by hummingbirds and native birds. Herbivory predation by insects and animals can affect the growth and survival of the Ocotillo by decreasing the amount of leaf, in which the process of photosynthesis provides energy to the plant. Other important factor is pollination because ocotillo flowers are pollinated by hummingbird and bees, and a significant amount of the population of these two species are considered threatened or either endangered
Just like other types of plants, jimsonweed plants also produces chemical compounds to keep predators away, ensuring survival. The compound produced by jimsonweed plants is alkaloids. The effects of this compound is that upon consumption, humans experience various hallucinations. Consequently, even though it is not necessarily harmful for humans, they don’t necessarily seek out jimsonweed plants for consumption. However, to other herbivores that seek out plants like jimsonweed for consumption, jimsonweed can have brutal effects. Other herbivores who consume jimsonweed experience a type of toxicity, which can result in death. The toxicity that predators of jimsonweed experience tends to keep those predators away. Therefore, by being toxic and
The enemy release hypothesis states that invasive plant species are invasive because they experience significantly reduced herbivory when they invade a new environment, which allows them to flourish (Keane et al. 2002). This study sought to confirm the finding that invasive plants experience significantly lower levels of herbivory than native plants and support the hypothesis that this difference in herbivory is directly responsible for the invasive species’ superior fitness. Levels of herbivory between goldenrod (Solidago sp.), a native species, and mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris), an invasive species, were compared as well as the relationship between the level of herbivory on an individual plant to flower count and height of the plant. We