Mexican Independence from Spain
In the late 18th century, the Spanish monarchy decided to improve the defenses of its empire because of its many military losses in Europe. Because of this, the Spanish Crown was forced to increase revenues. Between 1765 and 1771, Spain sent José de Gálvez on an official tour of inspection of New Spain. He restructured the current taxes and their collection methods..
In 1778, Spain, attempting to increase its own revenues, lifted restrictions on colonial trade. This allowed more commerce for the colonists and allowed for more trade between the privileged of New Spain and the other Spanish colonies in America. Since the Spanish monarchy was so determined to improve defenses, it was forced to enlarge
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Many Criollos in New Spain began to read the works of the Enlightenment writers and then began to question the benefits and reasons for their colonial relationship with Spain. The Mexican colonists were also affected by the examples of the American Revolution and the French Revolution.
All of the aforementioned factors contributed to the independence movement of Mexico. However, the main steps towards independence came because of Napoleon’s invasion of Spain in 1808. The monarchy was greatly weakened when Napoleon gave the crown to his brother causing the people of Madrid to revolt. With Spain’s back turned, the leaders of New Spain began to argue amongst themselves. The viceroy was forced to allow the Criollos to participate in administration. Then, a group of Peninsulares, those who had been placed in many of the administrative positions, did not like that the Criollos were gaining any influence in the government. They staged a coup d’etat and overthrew the viceregal government.
Shortly before dawn on September 16, 1810, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla made a monumentous decision that revolutionized the course of Mexican history. Within hours, Hidalgo, a Catholic priest in the village of Dolores, ordered the arrest of Dolores ' native Spaniards. Then Hidalgo rang the church bell as he customarily did to call the indians to mass. The message that Hidalgo gave to the indians and mestizos called them to retaliate against the hated Gachupines, or native
Many nations across time and the world have experienced a revolution. From the American revolution to the French revolution, history has proven conflict can engage a nation at any moment. Tanter explains that two possible scenarios, changes in the economic development and the level of education are likely to cause revolutions (Tanter 264). A revolution can be composed of a group of individuals who are willing to make the ultimate sacrifice in exchange for change in the existing
How did the conquest of Mexico by Spain and the subsequent involvement of the United States shape the history and development of the region? Many people may think it was the same when Spain and the United States conquered Mexico. There are many similarities and differences between Spain and the United States when they conquered Mexico. Spain and the United States were different when it came to conquering Mexico because Spain had a negative impact on the indigenous population. When the United States conquered Mexico, it brought mistreatment and the loss of their traditional land and resources.
To begin, Spaniards were in control of everything such as land,government, and taxes.The Caste System, Bourbon Reforms, and Crown’s Monopoly were three of the causes of the Mexican War of Independence. The Caste System was the division of social classes. This system was based on the color of your skin, which places lighter skinned people on top and darker people at the bottom.The system gave unequal rights.Another cause is bourbon reforms. Bourbon reforms were economic and political legislation that promoted reason,universality, science, and efficiency. King Charles the third implemented these reforms to modernize the colonies and he increased taxes and gave the military more power. Alcabala, sales taxes, rose taxes from four percent to six
BANG! BANG! BANG! Shots fired. In 1821 Mexico became free from it’s mother country, Spain.
When Santa Anna marched into Texas to crush a rebellion by U.S. settlers, Texas declared its independence from Mexico. This invasion would not turn out well for Santa Anna. His army expected warm weather but instead encountered suffered cold weather. He also suffered from shortages of food. So far from home, he could not get food and feed to nourish his animals and troops. The medical facilities were also small and simple. Morale sank as soldiers realized there were not enough supplies to properly bury their bodies. Indians also attacked military persons that strayed from the main force. Water sources were polluted and this made many men sick. Because of his weak staff system, Santa Anna did not realize the crumbling state his army was in,
On July 4, 1776. An unprecedented event occurred that will change the world forever. A colony successfully won its own war against their mother nation, and became a newly formed independent country. The idea of nations breaking apart and forming new countries took the world by storm. Soon after, countries residing in Latin America also began to break away from their mother land. By the 1900’s many Latin American countries were form. One of these newly formed nation is Mexico. I will be comparing the American Revolution to the Mexican Revolution The American revolution was fueled by the rage of the colonists in retaliation against the way King George the Third was ruling.
When Moctezuma met Cortes did not trust him at first. The reason being is because his looked very sketchy. But the Aztecs said to trust him. So Moctezuma trusted Cortes and passed the thrown down to him. The reason why it happened so fast they said that because there was a tail that said that one day their true leader so that’s what they thought about Cortes, he’s the one. From that point on it was fine until something happened. The Aztecs attacked Moctezuma. During the battle, Moctezuma was killed and at that very moment Cortes became the true leader and took his position. The aztecs lost that battle, they didn’t know how to react. The Aztecs became slaves for Cortes. All slaves were forced into becoming christians. Today, in spain, holds
Spain was successful in colonizing American territory in the 16th century because of the crucial changes made in technology. Advancements in navigation in the 1400s made it possible for European ships to make the long foreign crossing. If it weren’t for the improvements in technology then the ships wouldn’t have been able to travel on quick and light ships. Also, if the compass wasn’t invented, then there wouldn’t have been a way for the travelers to be exact on their location and landings.
Spain welcomed the settlers for two reasons to provide a buffer against illegal U.S. settlers, who were creating problems in Texas and to help develop the land. They did not expect a revolution at the time. But the colonists moved for land because the land was getting taken everywhere else Texas seemed like a good place to
In 1920 the Constitutional monarchy ruled by Alfonso XIII dictated over Spain. He was born into the monarchy and lived a life of royalty, disconnecting him from the common folk of his time. The expressionist monarchy of Alfonso XIII continued on a rampage until the year 1921. The building rebellions against the monarchy grew to a sizable force, a size enough to make Alfonso XIII take action. He sent his army to Spanish Morocco to defeat the rebellion. The men he sent were massacred, leading to more people joining the rebellion, intern causing the collapse of a corrupt government. The rebellion staged a coup; General Primo de Rivera then took power in place of Alfonso XIII. General Primo de Rivera was a new kind of leader, one who focused more
The two main sources of power after Mexican Independence were the Church and the military. The Catholic Church owned considerable sums of land, and gave loans to other landowners. This secured its alliance with the upper class of society. The military
In “Negotiating Spain and Catalonia: Competing Narratives of National Identity,” author Fernando Leon Solis examines the various motivational factors for Catalonia’s push for autonomy within Spain. The author makes a compelling case as to how and why Catalonia is attempting to gain autonomy. Solis believes that the main motivation for Catalonian autonomy is the conflict over the definition of Catalan identity, which, Catalans believe, can only fully be established under regional autonomy. Solis argues that if the Catalan National political party, Convergencia I Unio, can come to an agreement with the majority party in parliament, Partido Popular, then Catalonia may receive regional autonomy. Additionally, Solis believes that the Catalans are not seeking national independence, but rather they wish for a high level of autonomy within Spain. It is important to
After the people of Mexico freed themselves from Spanish control, they faced difficulties trying to officially establish themselves as a country. Despite their independence, Mexico had to also live with the aftermath of Spanish colonialism. Part of the aftermath included socio-political issues amongst the Mexican people. In an effort to establish themselves as a nation, they first had to free themselves from a Spanish ideology, for Mexico truly was not free after their independence. The socio-political predicaments contribute to the evolution of modern day Mexico.
Throughout history, as we study Spain we can clearly recognize high and low points in their success. In the fifteen hundreds Spain had no influence on European affairs, Spain essentially vanished out of Europe. However, within one complete century Spain had become not only a leading power but they also had a great sense of effectiveness in Europe. Spain experienced a Golden age with many social, economic, political aspects. On the other hand, within
Many buildings and streets were constructed, and it served as cultural and social center of North and South America. When 1810 came, however, a Mexican Independence movement, started by Miguel Hidalgo, caused Mexican peasants to fight against the Spanish government. After 11 years, the fight was successful, and Mexico declared its independence.