Memory Consolidation Theory

My name is Angela S. Baez, and you can call me Angela. I am from the Dominican Republic. In this essay I would like to tell you a story about my experience in coming to the USA. I was very happy when I found out my daughter and I received full residency status from the USA. We would be moving to New York City Sometimes, I felt nervous, because it was my first time to go to another country, which used a different language than my country. I also had to leave my family for a long time. However, I tried to keep strong and calm. I knew it was a good choice to move to the U.S.

The retrieval of a memory can initiate processes in our brain that actively consolidate and strengthen the memory trace, a process known as memory reconsolidation. Memories retrieved are thought to increase their stability once they undergo the process of consolidation. Retrieval of a memory trace may cause another liable phase to require more processing to keep the memory stable after retrieval; the brain systemically acquires cellular mechanisms to initiate a new round of protein synthesis that saves the trace from degradation. (Rudy CITE) There has been recent issues concerning the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder and reconsolidation of fear memories brought about by individuals who experience the disorder.

Memory consolidation is a process of gradual stabilization that new memories must undergo in order to persist (Müller and Pilzecker, 1900). In the case of declarative memories (or explicit learning), consolidation initially takes place within the hippocampus before these memories become permanently stored within the neocortex. Evidence for this time- and region-dependent systems consolidation has been demonstrated by lesion and imaging studies in primates and rodents indicating that recent memories are stored within the hippocampus, whereas remote memories are stored in the neocortex (McClelland et al., 1995; Squire and Alvarez, 1995; Frankland and Bontempi, 2005).

The two concepts that I resonated with are Memory and the Psychodynamic theory. Starting with the Psychodynamic theory is an approach to psychology that studies the psychological forces underlying human behavior, feelings, and emotions, and how they may relate to early childhood experience. This theory is most closely associated with the work of Sigmund Freud, and with psychoanalysis, a type of psychotherapy that attempts to explore the patient’s unconscious thoughts and emotions so that the person is better able to understand him or herself. The second one is Memory; understanding how memory works will help you improves your memory. Which is an essential key to attaining knowledge. Memory is one of the important cognitive processes. Memory involves remembering and forgetting. I chose the two concepts because throughout the class they stood out to the most. Understanding the conscious, subconscious mind and also memory. I’m interested in understanding the human behavior.

Vincent Li Ms. Frazer Honor U.S. Lit. 2 February 2015 Ernest Hemingway: Pride and Human Behavior “The man is not made for defeated.” This is the quote from Hemingway’s character San Diego, “Everybody’s sick. I’m sick too.”

Since Nader, Schafe & LaDoux (2000), challenged the previously heralded definition of memory consolidation, an influx of research addressing various theories of; consolidation, reconsolidation and potential clinical implications have surfaced. This essay aims to conglomerate the current understanding of memory reconsolidation, furthermore addressing the resonance upon clinical psychology.

The following experiment was preformed by Marieke Soeter and Merel Kindt. Their research tested if the disruption of reconsolidation of memories also lowers fear in an individual who has an ongoing fear of spiders in their everyday life. Studies over the past years have found that retrieving previously consolidated memories may signal a process known as reconsolidation (restabilization due to proteins). In the lab setting, a process known as Pavlovian fear conditioning can be used to train the mind to fear a stimulus. This conditioned fear can then easily be used to test the neurobiology of associative fear learning and memory. Fear conditioning is also a great method to be used in studying new treatments for anxiety disorders focused around

Ricoeur recognizes forgiveness as a final topic in book “Memory, History, Forgetting”. However, forgiveness not only defines his dialectic of the memory and forgetting, but continues ethic of selfhood installed in the "Oneself as another" too.

he studied a group in Budapest got the help of 17 pet dogs. Dogs happily work with humans. It makes them a good type of animal to test the evolution of thinking power.The dogs in the study were pets who were easily trained to imitate a simple action. The action might be looking into a bucket or touching an umbrella. They were given the command “do it.” Next came the “do it” command. It was the episodic memory test. Instead of the expected “lie down,” after dogs saw the last action they instead got the command to imitate. First, they did seem surprised, looking longer at their owners than earlier. Then, nose to an umbrella, paw on the chair, most of the dogs

Tulving's 1972 theory of memory pulls a similarity between general knowledge semantic memory and memory for events episodic memory. Neuropsychological studies have examined each type of memory in separation, nonetheless theorists have long claimed that these two forms of memory are interdependent. The studies demonstrates that these forms of memory can disturb each other both at encoding and at retrieval. In general, neuropsychological studies of episodic and semantic memory have focused on divisions that is, circumstances in which one form of memory is lessened while the other is fairly whole. This methodology is in agreement with neuropsychological tradition, and it has clearly been successful. By showing that episodic and semantic memory

Memories are a fluid and ever changing part of our cognitive functions. They can be falsified and remembered wrong, correct, or in pieces. In a study by Peggy L. St. Jacques and Daniel L. Schacter (2013), the researchers questioned how memories can be modified after being reactivated. They then specified to question whether the properties of reactivation affect subsequent retrieval of memory (i.e, difference is delay of reactivation or perspective). They studied reactivated memories by using varying types of cues which would either be accurate or inaccurate in relation to the memory hoping to be activated. They hypothesized that a more accurate retrieval cue will activate a memory better than in a mismatched scenario, in which wrongly reactivating a memory will cause a distortion of memory.

A dividend is a distribution of earnings to the shareholders of a corporation. Earnings are accumulated in a corporation’s retained earnings account so when earnings are distributed, the retained earnings account is decreased. Since a dividend decreases the amount a shareholder has invested in the corporation (by distributing assets of the corporation to shareholders), a debit must be made to retained earnings (owners’ equity) to reduce the amount by which the owners’ investment has decreased (which is the amount of the dividend). A dividend is not an expense and is not reported on the income statement.

Memory has three stages. The first stage is encoding, i.e., consists of placing a fact in memory. The second stage is storage, i.e., when facts are retained in memory. The third stage is retrieval, i.e., occurs when the fact is recovered from storage. The early stages of information processing have been described as those which involve the detection of and response to simple stimuli (Koelega, 1995).

The following paper is an academic discussion on the contemporary issue of memory loss in relation to healthy aging of older adults. Scholarly articles were used for references and facts relating to the topic. Memories constitute a vital part of life for everyone, and certain diseases that largely affect the older population can take those important moments away, leaving the elderly missing vital parts of their lives. The purpose of this paper is to explore how the loss of memory can affect the way a person ages, and their health as they age.

People are more likely to remember knowledge that is connected to their experiences better than knowledge that they connect to other things. The more that information is implicated with a person, the more likely this information will be encoded and recalled. The rate that information about a person is recalled is faster and more accurate than information that is not involved with that person. If you were to give someone a scenario, they will usually try to relate that with an incident in their life that was similar making this information more likely to be encoded (Bower & Gilligan, 1979, p. 420). If you were to tell someone, for example, how insomnia is developed and the characteristics of it the person listening can connect it to their own personal experience with insomnia. This would become a more powerful encoding method compared to someone that was not able to connect insomnia to their own life. So, if someone thought of how they were so stressed out about exams, that they were not able to sleep for more than an hour a night; this would connect their experience to the topic of insomnia making it easier to remember the information than if someone that has not experienced insomnia. The same thing goes for the type of encoding someone does and the way the information gets stored. So, for example if someone was trying to remember the word house from a list of words, if the person connects it with their own home, they would be able to remember the word better than if they