Decanter Figure 9, is fed with the blurred orange juice Figure 10 then clear orange juice and pomace of oranges are gained at the end of the process.
Figure 10. Mechanism of a decanter
Deaeration
Prior to pasteurization, orange juice is deaerated because the presence of dissolved oxygen effects on color, flavor and most importantly vitamin C. One of the key steps of orange juice processing is deaeration since vitamin C has high sensitivity of oxygen. Removing air from orange juice provides to minimize oxidative reactions such as oxidation of ascorbic acid and flavor compounds, and also to decrease corrosion if the package of juice is made of metal. In addition to this point, the ascorbic acid content of orange juice is also affected by high oxygen permeability containers. Another negative effect of oxygen is giving a brown color. During orange juice processing there are some possibilities of entraining air during pumping, mixing and tank filling. The product quality can be improved by vacuum deaerator Figure 11. The capacity of the equipment is 3 tons/hour. Residual O2 levels below 0.5-1.0 mg/L depending on product. Figure 11. Deaerator machine set
Pasteurization
Escherichia coli O157:H7 can grow in fruit juices with pH greater than 4. Since pH of orange juice is less than 4, E. Coli is not a key microorganism for orange juice. The outbreaks in orange juice have been caused by Salmonella spp. which is related with unpasturized orange juice. Hence, Salmonella is
In Part C of the experiment, the process completed in Part B was performed again on the six Kool-Aid drink samples: black cherry, cherry limeade, grape, mixed berry, strawberry, and tropical punch. The cherry limeade, grape, mixed berry, and tropical punch samples were undiluted stock solutions that were used in the SpectroVis. The black cherry solution was diluted with a 2-fold dilution. The 3 mL of black cherry solution was diluted with 3 mL of deionized water. This was done because the Red 40 dye was too concentrated. The strawberry solution was first diluted by a 2-fold but the absorbances values were too high and fell outside the acceptable range of 0-1. Therefore, 8 mL of strawberry solution was diluted with 12 mL of deionized water. These values for all of the solutions were recorded in Table 5. The solutions were emptied down the sink. All the glassware and cuvettes were rinsed with deionized water and dried. The volumetric flasks and caps were returned to the appropriate containers.
Within the poem “Oranges” composed by Gary Soto, it discusses the story of a boy and the evolution of young love. The poem begins with the boy walking to the girl’s house and nothing but a nickel and two oranges are in his pockets on a cold December day. Once arriving at her house, they stroll alongside each other to the drugstore, where he then tells her to choose any chocolate bar of her preference. He leaves himself vulnerable, as he only had money for half the chocolate bar and therefore gives the saleslady an orange as payment for the rest of it. They then leave the store and through time become more confident and accepting of love.
I pour the Orange Juice into the plastic cups with the lids for Britt, TJ, and Jason. I pour the Orange Juice into Sippy cups for Bree and Brandi. Lance gets the Orange Juice in his bottle, I grab my mocha and sit down to feed myself and Lance. After breakfast Britt brushes her teeth and puts on her shoes.
The poems “ Oranges” by Gary Soto expresses a slow and light feeling, the story focuses on a boy and a girl first time going out. The other poem “ Maco Limping” by David Nava Monreal gives a wide variety of tone. The story is based around this dog with some disabilities. Both poems have similar tones conveyed by the authors’ word choice.
Escherichia coli O157:H7 causes 73,000 illnesses in the United States annually. A review of E. coli O157 outbreaks reported to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to better understand its epidemiology. E. coli O157 outbreaks revealed that in that period, 49 states reported 350 outbreaks, representing 8,598 cases, 1,493 (17%) hospitalizations, 354 (4%) hemolytic uremic syndrome cases, and 40 (0.5%) deaths. Clinical laboratories began examining more stool specimens for E. coli O157. In 1994, E. coli O157 became a nationally notifiable infection, and by 2000, reporting was mandatory in 48 states. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was first recognized as a pathogen in 1982 during an outbreak investigation of hemorrhagic colitis.
Growing up with timidity and when don’t have love. Gary soto incorporates internal and external dialogue into his stories “broken chain”, “seventh grade” and the narrative poem “oranges’’. The main idea of these passages is that the main characters have insecurity, immaturity and looking for acceptance. The characters are not confident enough to go talk to the girl. An example that means that is that they shy and don't have enough “guts’’ to talk the girl. Soto creates character with similar personality by using dialogue to reveal that the males in the story and poem all share one thing in common. They all have a girl they like.
So green apple is green, grapes are purple, cherries are red, oranges are orange, and lemons are yellow. Then I stirred it until it looked good. Then I poured each mixture into their own small pans, make sure they are not glass pans because they will break. Then put the pans into a freezer and wait 4-5 hours or until mixtures are frozen. Then break them into smaller pieces about a nickel's size and put the pieces into the microwave and wait 40 seconds and it should be melted. Now they let the pieces cool and then roll them into balls, and then dipped it into tartaric acid. Let the balls harden.
The poem, “Oranges” by Gary Soto focuses on the emotions and thoughts of a young boy meeting up with a girl for the first time. The poem begins with the boy, walking in the cold, December weather, carrying two oranges in his jacket. Then comes his initial contact with the girl at her house, following the walk to the drugstore. In the drugstore, the boy offers the girl to get what she wants, in which the picks a chocolate bar. However, the chocolate bar costs a dime, but the boy has only a nickel. To prevent embarrassment, the boy keeps quiet to the girl and pays for the chocolate bar using the nickel and the orange he brought. The cashier understood the situation, allowing the purchase. The two kids walk out the drugstore, holding hands until they stop to unwrap the chocolate and peel the orange. The poem ends with the author describing the contrast with the bright orange against the gray, gloomy weather.
This multistate outbreak of Salmonella Tennessee case was published by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in March of 2007 to inform the public of the outbreak that was discovered and in order to prevent other people from getting sick. The Salmonella infection was associated with the consumption of Peanut Butter, specifically with Peter Pan peanut butter and Great Value peanut butter brands manufactured by ConAgra. Since both brands were manufactured in the same facility in Georgia, they both became contaminated and so, the peanut butter jars with the code 2111 were to de discarded and avoided (MMWR, 2007). However, since the Great Value peanut butter brand is manufacture in other plants, only the peanut butter jars from the facility in Georgia had the bacterial infection within them. Although Salmonella is a common illness in the United States estimated at 1 million cases per year, the Tennessee serotype is a rare case and it was first associated with peanut butter in February 2007; however, since November of 2006, public health officials had noticed an increase with this serotype (MMWR, 2007). The symptoms of Salmonella Tennessee include diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps and dysuria, which can be seen in 12-72 hours from the person being contaminated (MMWR, 2007). Furthermore, 715 Salmonella Tennessee cases where identified in 48 states from the beginning of August 2006 through the end of July 2007 (Sheth, 2011). The source of
Gary Soto's poem Oranges is narrated in the first person, from the point of view of an older gentleman recounting what had happened on his very first date as a young child. The poem starts out with the boy walking to go pick up the girl on a cold December day. In his pockets are two oranges that weigh him down as he walks. As he approaches her house, always lit with a porch light, a dog starts barking at him. The rouge wearing girl steps out from her house pulling on her gloves.
O157:H7 strain of E. coli that sickened 40 people in eight states (Glausiusz 1). Additionally,
The highest oxygen obtain as shown in Table 1 was 4.2 mL in the third trial and the lowest was 2.6 mL in the first trial. Of all the trails and all the different water solutions, the lowest obtained oxygen was 1.4mL using salt water on the second trial and the highest was 4.2 on the third trial of distilled water. The average of the distilled water solution was 3.3mL, average of tap water was 1.8mL, average of sugar water was 2.2mL, and average of salt water was 1.5mL. In total, the overall range was from 1.4mL to to
As Schlosser proves with his alluring facts, E. Coli is one of the most popular infections to be recognized throughout the nation. With his in-depth research, he provides the stories of the average everyday American who has been infected or passed away with such a horrid disease. Furthermore, Ingrid Abboud, from nittygriddy.com states, “Studies revealed 50% of fountain drink dispensers were found to be contaminated with fecal bacteria”.
Foodborne illnesses is an important problem in the United States, which cause a total of 19,056 infections, 4,200 hospitalizations, and 80 deaths were reported in 2013. Moreover, foodborne illnesses cost the United States an estimated $152 billion per year in healthcare (Scharff, 2010; CDC, 2014). E. coli O157 belonged Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), it was usually classified pathotypically as enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) (Bryan et al., 2015). Between 2000 and 2010 have 5688 cases of O157 STEC infections were reported by FoodNet sentinel states, while the rate of O157 STEC infection decreased from 2.17 to 0.95 per 100,000 (Gould et al., 2013). By the way, Magwedere et al. (2013) also reported retail ground meat samples were purchased at grocery stores, local farmers’ markets, and online vendors, out of 16 ground chicken samples, 7 samples tested positive for O157 STEC. On the other hand, E. coli also causes diverse extraintestinal infections by uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), urinary tract infections (UTI) is a good example to illustrate. The economic burden associated with urinary tract infections is estimated to be approximately 1.5 billion in the United States annually. According to previous studies, the food animal and meat reservoir might exist and isolate from retail chicken meat products for UPEC (Jakobsen et al., 2010; Shortlidge et al., 2013; Natalie et al., 2015). In recent research suggested UPEC besides the ability to
Vitamin C, or ascorbic acid, is a well-known supplement that is essential to the human body. Vitamin C helps grow and repair body tissue, make collagen, heal wounds, and strengthen bones and teeth. Unfortunately, the body does not produce this vitamin itself, therefore it must be obtained from another source. Vitamin C is present in significant amounts in both fruits and vegetables. These foods are commonly pasteurized – a process that applies heat to destroy pathogens that cause spoilage in food. Pasteurization is great for preserving foods, but its effects on the food’s contents are important to consider. This process could affect the levels of ascorbic acid in the foods being consumed for their vitamin C content. Specifically, orange juice, one of the most popular sources of vitamin C, is going to be used to examine the effects of pasteurization on ascorbic acid levels in this experiment.