Mastitis Milk Paper

Describe methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and its implications for patients who are diagnosed with this.

MRSA stands for Methicillin-safe Staphylococcus aureus. MRSA is a bacteria that is very hard to treat that infections in animals’ and humans body. MRSA was initially reported in 1961 when a researcher found it and the first case was in 1968. It's impervious to a gathering of anti-infection agents which incorporate methicillin and this is the explanation why it's hard to treat. "Staphylococcus" is comprised of two Greek components. The main component, which is "staphule," implies a pack of grapes and the second component "kokkos" means berry. The two Greek components consolidate to frame the current Latin word "staphylococcus." "Aureus" is characterized as golden. Staphylococcus aureus is a circular bacterium yet that is not by any means

When investigating this experiment I found many different types of antiseptics all with different effects on bacteria and the effectiveness of all these antiseptics varied. I found

Staphylococcus is a bacterium that is responsible for many infections, for example, skin infections, pneumonia, food poisoning, blood poisoning, bacteremia, etc. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is the major cause for most of the staph and skin infections. In the past, staph was generally treated with antibiotic until the organism start building up resistant to the medicine, which results in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA). A problem that existed was a rise in cases of MRSA at a referral teaching hospital centers in Sikkim, India. A cross sectional study was done from January to December 2006, on 827 clinical specimens that was collected from different departments at the hospital. In addition, 196 nasal swabs were

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or more commonly, MRSA, is an emerging infectious disease affecting many people worldwide. MRSA, in particular, is a very interesting disease because although many people can be carriers of it, it generally only affects those with a depressed immune system; this is why it is so prevalent in places like nursing homes and hospitals. It can be spread though surgeries, artificial joints, tubing, and skin-to-skin contact. Although there is not one specific treatment of this disease, there are ways to test what antibiotics work best and sometimes antibiotics aren’t even necessary.

The effects of antibiotics on bacteria were observed after forty-eight hours of incubation, and then the Zone of Inhibition was measured. Sterile water (Group A) was used as a control and thus the Zone of Inhibition for this treatment was the smallest, meaning that if was less potent in treating both S. aureus and MRSA. However, the effectiveness of Methicillin on S.aureus proved to be note worthy due to a substantial size (mean was 26.67mm) when measuring ZOI. However, this was not the case when analyzing the success of the treatment method on MRSA (mean was 7.67mm). This is primarily due to the resistance that MRSA has towards Methicillin and other penicillin-like antibiotics.

Manuka honey is effective against certain biofilms but its effect on polymicrobial biofilms requires further research. Low sugar concentrations support microbial growth therefore it was found that high

There are several important steps in preventing the spread of MRSA: washing hands before and after patient contact, using gloves appropriately, covering any cuts on the hands, maintaining healthy hands, avoiding overcrowding in hospital departments, maintaining a clean environment, and prudent antibiotic prescribing (3). Hand washing is the most effective way to keep from spreading infections. The CDC recommends that you spend 20 seconds scrubbing your hands with soap while washing your hands (1). You can sing the “Happy Birthday” song twice all the way through also (1). If soap and water are not available, the CDC recommends using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that is at least 60% alcohol (1). This should not be used as a first line of defense. Hand washing is always the best way to get rid of harmful bacterium. Gloves and gowns are another great way to create a barrier between you and the bacteria. Proper removal of gloves and gown are vitally important. If your gloves are contaminated with MRSA, and you remove them improperly, you have completely defeated the point of even putting the gloves on. Once a surface is contaminated with MRSA, it can live prolonged periods of time unless removed through cleaning (5). For contaminated surfaces, you would want to use a disinfectant. Choosing the proper disinfectant, along with following the directions of use on the packaging, will rid the surface form microbes. It is extremely important to follow the directions on the packaging of the disinfectant because each disinfectant is different. One may need you to keep the surface wet for 2 minutes, while the other requires the surface to be kept wet for 10 minutes. If the surface isn’t kept wet for the allotted time, the surface will not be disinfected and will continue to contaminate

There is not enough evidence to conclude that the number of antibiotic resistant S. aureus increase along with time. The Figure 2 did have an overall increasing line of best fit, but the regression analysis shows that it is not statistically significant. In fact, the p-value and R2 for both vancomycin and tetracycline indicates that there was no significant relationship between the variables, and the points did not have any clear trend. This conveys some major problems with this experiment and the design of the experiment. One of the factor that influence this experiment is that how much were the sample of S. aureus exposed to vancomycin and tetracycline. The resistant strains arise from excessive use of specific antibiotics. Vancomycin is usually administered intravenously, so it should probably not very exposed to S. aureus from the community settings. Tetracycline is also often used as treatment of MRSA in hospitals (Gilboy, 2011). Since vancomycin and tetracycline are frequently used for treatment of MRSA and MRSA infections are more common in clinical settings, this experiment should have collected data from S. aureus strains found in clinical

Staphylococcus, Enterococcus and Streptococcus is considered as a leading cause of many diseases. They are considered different due to their morphology. The Staphylococci and Streptococci acquires a round, spherical cell shape. On the other hand, the arrangement of cells is considered different for both the organisms. For instance, Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive, cluster-forming cocci and a nonsporeforming facultative anaerobe which is found in grape like structures. Enterococcus is also gram-positive cocci with short chains and are considered to be facultative anaerobes. They can grow at a temperature range of 10-45 degrees Celsius. Enterococcus is acknowledged as the leading cause of the nosocomial infections. The golden

There is an alternative, cost-effective approach which is the use of chromogenic media for screening nasal specimens such as BBL CHROMagar MRSA II (CMRSA II, BD), MRSASelect and Spectra MRSA which are used for the qualitative detection of MRSA. These chromogenic media are very selective and differential for MRSA. These media are used for the suppression of Gram-negative

Unknown. MRSA carriers should be administered Vancomycin as antibiotic prophylaxis prior to arthroscopic surgery, however evidence is inconclusive at present.

Outbreaks of MRSA have been reported among healthy athletes, people in jails and prisons, and in military barracks.  It is not known for certain if these groups always have a higher risk of MRSA infections.  Children have a higher rate of MRSA infection in the community than adults (). The susceptibility stage of MRSA usually does not show any signs or symptoms. But when the environment is at a perfect condition where it’s easy for the bacteria to grow. Of which ideal is an open injury in a moist area that effectively reach by with equipments, sheets, or skin to skin contact that has been contaminated with MRSA. A temperature of 35 °C (or 95°F) is ideal for staph to grow

While natural unprocessed honey is known to have certain antibacterial properties, the studies that I reviewed for this this paper all reviewed the effectiveness of medical honey. Medical honey is a standardized and sterilized form of honey produced especially for medical uses. Two different brands of honey that were tested separately in the studies I reviewed are Revamil and Medihoney. Both of these honeys are produced in a controlled environment, sterilized, mixed, and tested to ensure a consistent quality and results between each batch (Kwakman et al, 2008).

In our study, the highest number of Staphylococcus aureus isolates were from throat swab samples 104 (49.5%) followed by pus 44 (20.9%) (Figure 5-a). Similar study of Tamilnadu in India as high as 35.7% of MRSA strains were obtained from throat swabs and 33.6% of strains were