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Introduction to Operations Management
Operations Management
William J. Stevenson
8th edition
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Introduction to Operations Management
CHAPTER
1
Introduction to
Operations Management
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Operations Management, Eighth Edition, by William J. Stevenson Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Introduction to Operations Management
Operations Management
Figure 1.1
The management of systems or processes
that create goods and/or provide services
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Introduction to Operations Management
Value-Added
Figure 1.2
The difference between the cost of inputs
and the value or price of outputs.
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Introduction to Operations
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– Physical – Schematic – Mathematical
Tradeoffs
What are the pros and cons of models?
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Models Are Beneficial
Easy to use, less expensive • Require users to organize • Systematic approach to problem solving • Increase understanding of the problem • Enable “what if” questions • Specific objectives • Consistent tool • Power of mathematics • Standardized format
•
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Quantitative Approaches
• Linear programming • Queuing Techniques • Inventory models • Project models • Statistical models
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Systems Approach
“The whole is greater than
the sum of the parts.”
Suboptimization
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Pareto Phenomenon
• A few factors account for a high percentage of the occurrence of some event(s). • 80/20 Rule - 80% of problems are caused by
* Calculate sales quotas and understand how many scripts are needed to hit each quarterly goal. Break it down to a weekly number if possible.
Customers must use the internet to fill out an online form to address their complaints or service needs. These forms are processed by employees in your department. Currently the turnaround time on any given form is between four to eight hours. This creates a number of other customer complaints. Project Call Center is designed to reduce this turnaround time by 75% by creating and staffing a call center in Tampa. Building acquisition, building renovations, building fit out, IT system upgrades, and hiring and training of staff are estimated to cost $8.5 million dollars. This $8.5 million dollars can be paid evenly in any two quarters in the next year. In addition, seven new employees will need to be hired at $40,000 burdened labor costs per year to staff the call center. Management of this project could easily be done with the current in-house staff. Most of the work of this project would be outsourced and will have minimal impact on day-to-operations.
Hence, the bottleneck is due to high variability in order arrival rate and order processing time. Hence, we need to analyse the quarterly utilization level.
I have taken it upon myself to test two inventory management systems and have found a system that will yield the least cost to Parts Emporium Inc. The two systems I have tested are the Continuous Inventory System and the Periodic Inventory System. Using data that I have gathered from the products DB032 and the EG151, I have compiled calculations and have concluded a continuous inventory system would be best for our corporation. Attached you will find said calculations; I would like to take this moment and present the continuous inventory system and recognize all of the relevant costs. The following is an explanation of each calculation under the continuous inventory system:
A company manufactures a product currently using two machines. Each machine averages 225 units of the product per day. However, annual demand is forecasted to reach 150000 units of product in year 2013. How many machines in total should the company plan to use in order to be able to satisfy demand in the future? Assume 240 workdays per year. 225x240=54,000 so 150,000/54,000=2.78 or 3
In the traditional context, lead time is fixed—either as a discrete time or as a probability distribution. Such lead time constancy or variation is outside of the inventory model. Lead time in an MRP system is assumed to be a variable. While specific lead times are stated for planning purposes, these times may be speeded up or delayed as conditions warrant. Indeed, it is this ability to detect needed changes in lead times, either by expediting or de-expediting, that many users cite as one of the most valuable features of MRP.
One of the key problems arises when quoting project times aggressively, resulting in revenue shortfalls in essential areas such as staff wages, operating costs, equipment, supplies, third-party procurement needs and administrative costs.
Assumption: During peak demand times, each piece of equipment is limited to 30 minutes per member.
In order to run an organization to its best ability, operations managers can rely on linear programming as a way to guide them in to better decision making in a more confident fashion. Linear programming gets the most effective use out of an establishment’s resources, this is always the ideal condition for companies, and nobody wants to be knowingly throwing resources down the drain. In order for an operations manager to successfully administer a linear programming equation, the OM must have four requirements: an objective, constraints, alternative and linearity.
It is acknowledged that real-world situations could be represented by well structured and formulated Linear programming models. These mathematical tools contribute significantly to business activities and can be used to tackle problems that constantly arise.
Queuing Characteristics: Queuing system has three characteristics they are: arrivals of inputs to the system, the waiting list and the service facility (Render et al, 2015). A simulation modeling process is based mainly on feeding the quantitative data into a model to produce quantitative results in a structured sequential process (Eldabi, 2002). This method assists managers by allowing them the opportunity to create a simulation model to see the various advantages and disadvantages of any changes they would like to integrate into their
Capacity planning based on the timeline is classified into three main categories long range, medium
Capacity management and all its elements including, staff, delivery systems and processes is such a large part of any organisation it is vital to its success. For any organisation being able to manage capacity is critical to the simple business function of providing a service to meet the demand set by customers. (Hill et al, 2011)
RCCP allocate capacity needs for labor departments, individuals, or work center based on workload data in the past. This technique is used to explain / verification of capacity in each work center where the comparison between the required engine load with the available capacity in each work center. This study will use a rough cut capacity planning approach to help resolve the problem of shortage of production capacity at PT XYZ.