Male Erectile Dysfunction (MED) is a common public health problem affecting millions of men worldwide. Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are very attractive therapeutic agents for treatmentof MED [9]. Sildenafil (Viagra®, IC50 = 3 nM) is the first and most famous PDE 5 inhibitor, however, there are still some side effects due to the low selectivity against other PDEs, mainly towards PDE6 which is distributed in the retina, and inhibition of it may cause visual disturbances, perception of bluish haze, and increased light sensitivity [10]. In recent years, numerous efforts have been made toward the discovery of selective PDE 5 inhibitors. PDE 5 belongs to a superfamily of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of cyclic nucleotides cAMP and
Mexico is considered as a collectivistic society. Loyalty in this culture is paramount which meaning that Mexican culture tendency have a long-term commitment to their group of people meaning extended family and extended relationships. Mexican cultures over-rides over most other societal rules and regulations. With the strong relationships among this culture everyone will take accountability for their fellow member of their group.
Sildenafil citrate is one of the drugs of choice for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. It is a selective inhibitor of cGMP-PDE5 or the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-specific phosphodiesterase type 5. Since erectile dysfunction or impotence is estimated to affect more than 140 million men around the world, many tend to resort to medications such as this drug. More than half of these affected men have physical or medical issues that lead to their impotence such as diabetes, and urological, neurological and circulatory conditions.
Similar to sildenafil, tadalafil may be prescribed for treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). Tadalafil is marketed as Cialis for ED, and as Adcirca for PAH. Adcirca is prescribed as a 40mg dose (taken as two, 20mg tablets) by mouth, every day in the treatment of PAH. Patient compliance may be better with tadalafil compared to sildenafil since oral dosing frequency is 1x daily vs. 3x daily respectively due to Tadalafil’s longer half-life. As a PDE-5 inhibitor, Adcirca has similar ocular side effects to sildenafil including cyanopsia, chromatopsia, and blurred vision. Non-AION has also been reported in some patients taking Adcirca, though these patients had predisposing risk factors including a smaller disc, age > 50 years old, diabetes, hypertension, and smoking. However, a direct link between PDE-5 inhibitor use and Non-AION has not been found. Patients meeting this patient profile should be informed of their increased risk of developing NAION if using a PDE-5 inhibitor (“Adcirca (Tadalafil)-Uses, Dosage, Side
History: Viagra also known as sildenafil citrate was originally synthesized at Pfizer headquarters in Sandwich, Kent, England by a group of pharmaceutical chemists in 1989. The two people who are attributed with creating sildenafil citrate, and who were consequently the most important in doing research and development on the drug were chemists Peter Dunn and Albert Wood. They originally composed this drug, sildenafil citrate, to help treat angina and high blood pressure, two symptoms that are usually indicative of coronary heart disease. The drug is classified as UK-92480. Later, in 1991, when the drug is patented by Dr. Nicholas Terrett, who is also referred to as “the father of Viagra”, sildenafil citrate received its modern name, Viagra. A few years afterward, in the early 1990s, Pfizer compiles several early test in order to prove Viagra’s capabilities in reducing angina and treating high blood pressure. These trials, however, prove that Viagra is not effective at treating this symptoms at all, although the trial patients were reporting ongoing erections after consuming Viagra. This got Pfizer thinking, and in March of 1998, Pfizer re-patents Viagra and the FDA approves it, and instead markets it as a drug to help people who are suffering from erectile dysfunction (ED), and this time Pfizer has research to back their claim. In the first year alone, over 40,000 prescriptions were written
With a potential total of 150M men worldwide (30M in the United States alone) suffering from medical Erectile Dysfunction, there is a wide range of factors identified as the potential causes:
Sildenafil Citrate invented by scientist Peter Dunn and others scientists at Pfizer (New York), the intended use was to treat high blood pressure, pains caused by coronary heart disease and other cardiovascular diseases. But while the medicine was still on trial, male patients would come back days after taking the medication with erections, although it did help with the problem they were being treated for it gave them an inconvenient side effect. Further studies found that the Viagra would work much like nitric oxide and lower the blood pressure as well by opening up the blood vessels. Although Sildenafil Citrate was designed to do so the scientists didn’t think it would also open up the blood vessels in the penis, thus becoming the ‘sex drug’ it is known as
This medication to fortify effectivity and do away with erectile dysfunction compatible for guys from 18 to 82 years old aged people who endure from:
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a class of enzymes, which are responsible for the breakdown of phosphodiester bonds, specifically hydrolysing cyclic nucleotides, like the secondary messenger molecules cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in the striatal region of the brain.1 Via their control of both cAMP and cGMP in the cell, PDEs contribute to cell signalling making them potentially important drug targets.2 This enzyme class consists of 11 different families, PDE1 to PDE11, which vary in sequence homology, domain architecture and sequence homology.1 PDE10A is a PDE of current interest as a possible target to treat neurological diseases such as Schizophrenia and
He was the first person to recognize and exploit the romantic potential of Pocahontas's story, and writers of both the nineteenth and twentieth centuries followed in his footsteps when they sought to retell their versions of the tale. Young confirms that, in the 1830s and 1840s, a number of playwrights wrote about Pocahontas, and virtually all of them were directly or indirectly influenced by the Pocahontas that appeared on the pages of Davis's Travels and Captain Smith (Par.25). Even Barker's three- act play, The Indian Princess, or La Belle Sauvage (1808), which is explored in this chapter, is one of the early historical plays that helped to construct the Indian Princess stereotype. Edward Buscombe, in InjunsꞋ: Native American in the Movies (2006), suggests that the play is "one of the earliest plays depicting the story of Captain Smith and Pocahontas. It is a musical play with a llibretto3.
In December 2003, the Food and Drug Administration approved tadalafil as Cialis for sale in the United States1. This would make Cialis the third prescription drug pill to treat erectile dysfunction after Viagra and Levitra. In 1993, ICOS Corporation began studying compound IC351, a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) enzyme inhibitor. In 1994, Pfizer scientists discovered that sildenafil citrate, which also inhibits the PDE5 enzyme, caused penile erection in men participating in a clinical study of a heart medicine1. In 1994 ICOS received a patent for compound IC3511. In 1995 phase one of the clinical trials began, and then in 1997 phase two of the clinical trials began that were initiated for men experiencing ED, which then progressed to phase three that was intended to support the drugs FDA approval. In 2000, Lilly ICOS, LLC, filed a New Drug Application with the FDA
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) act on cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). PDE5 plays a role in the smooth muscle cells of the bladder, and the endothelium of blood vessels.(6) PDE5 has been shown to have the highest expression in the muscular cells in the lower urinary tract.(7) Truss was the first to demonstrate the presence of PDE 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 isoenzymes in the human detrusor. (8) PDE5 affects cAMP and cGMP which alters the intracellular calcium concentration [Ca], which is the primary regulator of smooth muscle contractility.
what is Erectile Dysfunction? Erectile Dysfunction is a condition in which a man does not get an erection or may be unable to consummate a sexual activity. This may occasionally arise at any age however is extra usual in older men.
Spiritually, practice of male continence was believed by them a form of, “ascending fellowship.” Where the younger members were expected to learn sexual practices from their elders. Specifically, the younger girls of the community were introduced to the spiritual side of sex through Noyes himself or other male church elders (McClymond 22). Noyes believed sex was a form of “spiritual communion” for its members from god (McClymound 222). This practice defied the American protestant belief of sex only occurring between a married man and women.
Erectile dysfunction is a serious problem that needs to be addressed with optimum care, or else it can lead to several other health problems as well. This is why proper diagnosis and treatment of this disease is truly important.
Erectile dysfunction is an ever growing trend. An incredible number of teenagers from around the world are facing this issue. The approach to life that men live can impact sexual health. This problem is also called ED or in other words, impotence. It really is defined with difficulty reaching or maintaining adequate erections for sex. Having this problem every once in a while is no problem. If the challenge does present for greater than a month or two, it can cause major depression, stress, or even ruin your healthy romantic relationships.