Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.0 Introduction
In this chapter, explains the relevant theories for the research. On the other hand, investigate the effects of how the independent variables affect the dependent variable. In addition, this chapter also includes a proposed conceptual framework, theoretical models and hypothesis development.
2.1 Review of the Literature
2.1.1 Dependent Variable - Return on Assets (ROA)
Return on assets (ROA) is to measure the value of company’s total assets to indicate company’s profitability. ROA also gives an idea as to how efficient management is at using its assets to generate earnings.
Formula of ROA: (Investopedia, 2017)
ROA = Net Income / Total Assets x 100%
Assets are either financed by equity or debt.
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In accordance to this theory, the purpose of money is only for settling payments for current transactions.
MV = PT …………………………………………………………… (i)
Where,
M = money supply
V = Velocity of Circulation
P = Average Price Level
T = Volume of Transactions of Goods and Services
Both MV and PT are identical to each other and it also measure the total value of the transactions within the period. In other words, the value of goods sold is equal to the total amount of money paid.
Keynesian Theory of Money (Keynes, 1935)
Retaining cash-in-hand is important, according to “The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money”. Cash is held for several reasons, such as speculative motive, precautionary motive and transaction motive.
Speculative motive:
In order to make good use of beneficial exchange rate fluctuations and bargain purchase, cash is withheld at an appropriate level.
Precautionary motive:
It is necessary to maintain a safety level of cash which acts as financial reserve when a company goes into liquidation.
Transaction
* Return on assets (ROA) – ROA shows how successful a company is in generating profits on the amount of assets they own. Since assets consist of debt and equity, ROA is a measure of how well a company converts investment dollars into profit. The higher the percentage, the more profit a company is generating per dollar of investment. Similar to ROS, this ratio needs to be looked at compared to the industry as different industries have different requirements that can affect ROA. For example, companies in the airline and mining industries need expensive assets to operate so will have lower ROA’s compared to companies in the pharmaceutical or advertising industries.
I. Rate of Return on Total Assets: Measures the company’s profitability relative to total assets. A percentage increment for Company G, from 12.30% to 13.68% (2011-12) keeps them above industry benchmarks (8.60% and 12.30%). Rate of Return on Total Assets represents strength for Company G.
Return on Assets shows the Company’s ability to generate a profit based on assets and equity. In 2009, the Company’s profit margin was 3.07% and in 2011 it had fallen to 1.91%.
ROA is considered the best overall indicator of the efficiency of assets used in a company. Home Depot and Lowe’s ROA ratio both moved down due to the downturn in the industry but Home Depot was able to improve 2010.
The first ratio used in the financial analysis was a profit ratio which is the Return on Total Assets (ROA).
The Return on Assets ratio is a basic measure of the efficiency with which TCI allocates and manages its resources (assets) to generate earnings. With a 20% projected increase in sales, for 1996, we calculated TCI’s ROA to be 12.95%, and 12.11% for 1997. Although this isn’t an extremely high ROA, TCI will be allocating its resources very wisely with the expansion of its central warehouse. If MidBank lends them the cash they need to complete this project, their central warehouse will be able to hold more tires for their increasing sales, which will then convert into profit. A true test of TCI’s ROA will be after 1998, when the warehouse is complete, so you can see just how well they can convert an investment into profit.
RETURN ON ASSETS (ROA) Formula Description: You determine return on assets by dividing net profit by your total asset base. What Does Return On Assets Tell You?
2. to avoid the company dwindling away assets and further reducing any return to creditors.
This tells us what the company can do with what it has, i.e. how many dollars of earnings they derive from each dollar of assets they control. Return on assets gives an indication of the capital intensity of the company, which will depend on the industry; As Star River requires large initial investments it generally has lower return on assets.
As a result, holding cash would be essential component of the firm strategy. To develop new products, buy new equipment or expand geographically, firm has to spend money on marketing research, product design, prototype development and so on. Moreover, if a recession hits and the economy start to slow down,
This section of the paper consists of three main parts. First, the research questions that will be addressed, the expected hypotheses and an identification of independent and dependent variables. Second, the supporting literature for the hypotheses is discussed. Third, a conceptualization (definition) and operationalization (measurement) of each independent and dependent variable. Research Questions
First of all, return on asset (ROA) is a ratio used to measure how efficient a company generates profit using its assets, which is the invested capital. We noticed that HH’s ROA was increasing from 2006 to 2010. However, HH’s ROA for 2011 dropped dramatically from 18.41%(year
The management of cash is essential to the survival of any organization. Managing an organization’s financial operation requires knowledge of the economy and ways to maximize revenue. For any organization to operate on a daily basis adequate cash flow is required. Without cash management the organization will be unable to function because there is no cash readily available in case of inconsistencies in the market. Cash is also needed to keep the cycle of the company’s operations going.
Finally, we also observed that the cashier deposits mail receipts in the bank weekly. The internal storage of cash on the premises of the Company is not advisable for obvious reasons- theft, robbery, and unauthorized access. Employees with other intentions can alert external cohorts to raid or rob the Company at night or at another time to gain access to the cash stored on the premises. Additionally, the storage of the cash on the premises presents a "working hazard" for the employees as outsiders wanting to gain access to the cash may subject them to unwanted raids. The use of a bank on a daily basis contributes significantly to good internal control over cash. The company can safeguard the cash on a daily basis by using a bank as a depository and