Leishmania Case Study

Genomic DNA is heterogenrous because it shows 2 fragments on 2% agarose gel which come from parents, mom and dad. Moreover, the tandem repeats(n) is within the standard limit (14-41) of heterogenic DNA. So, the sample is heteregenerous.

By using DNA sequencing software and using comparative DNA alignment programs, scientists can piece together where the differences and similarities align and the percentage of identical DNA between two species. Another method of classifying these gene-swapping organisms is to alter the method of vertical genomics and shift to a new form of lateral genomics (Koonin et al. 2001). A method using vertical, linear genomics alone will not provide enough resources to clearly assign an organism to a taxonomic group. Also, scientists can look at gene loss over time as a method to group these organisms (Koonin et al. 2001). If scientists would rather stick with similarities to define a taxonomic group, the use of genomic instruments can provide a better picture of which genes are highly conserved between organisms of the same group (Doolittle 1999). Researchers have begun to employ this method as the means for best completing a phylogenetic tree. Using alignments of single copy genes conserved in the genome allows for scientists to achieve that vertical pattern of phylogeny that can be lost when focusing on the amount of transferred genes between groups (Lang et al. 2013).

The Bayesian inference analysis of the COI barcode sequences included 45 L. sericata sequences and 42 L. cuprina sequences. Despite the number of sequences, L. sericata was poorly resolved, which explains the poor node support (0.61) of the L. sericata + L. cuprina + L. taiyuanensis clade. Lucilia taiyuanensis is represented by only one sequence

The scientific process that we used was first defining the problem in order to move on to the next step. Meaning what is Wolbachia? We had to identify our insect using a key used to find the order of the insects in Savannah. We eventually learned how to determine the concentration of DNA and protein in a aqueous solution. Using our solution we did DNA extraction and quantification using our solution from our previous steps. We used elution, salt, lysis and wash buffer along with EtOH and proteinase K. After completing DNA extraction and quantification we did our PCR samples were we used a positive and negative control, no template control and our samples. Lastly we did our gel electrophoresis where we found whether our insect was positive or negative for

Trypanosoma brucei is a member of the Trypanosomatidae family, is protozoan of order Kinetoplastida. They cause African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness as it is most commonly known, a parasitic disease it causes an infection in the brain and the meninges (Stanghellini & Josenando 2001). Trypanosoma brucei have 3 different sub species, these being T. brucei gambiense which causes chronic trypanosomiasis which has a slow onset in humans, T. brucei rhodesiense which causes acute trypanosomiasis with a fast onset. With the last sub species being T. brucei brucei which causes animal African Trypanosomiasis. It is a neglected tropical disease and is found primarily in the continent of Africa with up to 60 million people affected in 35 African countries. Failure to treat this is fatal (Ekwanzala et al. 1996), however there are currently four drugs on the market for the treatment, these being pentamidine, melarsoprol, eflornithine and suramin (Wéry 1994).

This research only takes into account that the flies infected by Leishmania were more likely to not acquire a bacterial infection bacterial infection. I believe that the researcher’s conclusion would be more supported if there were antibody-based results included. If their results showed that there were antibodies being released due to the presence of Leishmania that protect against bacterial infection in the sandfly are not antibodies released when the parasite is not present, then the conclusion would be more

Also, human population movement from higher transmission areas jeopardizes reintroduction and resurgence in malaria-free regions, and in addition has undermined elimination works in the past. For that reason, it is important to understand the patterns of parasite dispersal in order to target control by pinpointing regions where the imported infections originate from and where they play a part in transmission.

The researchers used shot-gun sequencing which is a technique that uses smaller fragments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences that are reassembled into one sequence by looking for regions of overlap. All of the 3.6M reads, were first trimmed for 99% accuracy for all known organisms then characterized with Sequence-based

The study of disease transmission & danger figures :. Destitution and hunger assume a major part in the expanded powerlessness to leishmaniasis. Extracting timber, mining, building dams, extending regions under cultivation, making new watering system schemes, stretching way development in grade forests for example, those Amazon, proceeding broad relocation from provincial on urban areas, Furthermore proceeding quick urbanization overall are "around those essential drivers for expanded presentation of the sandfly. (See those accompanying pictures. ). Conveyance guide about cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Therefore, we investigated the characterization of a member of the HSP-70 family from B. bigemina. The sequence of BbigHSP-70 was found in the genome sequence database of B. bigemina through the blast search with homologue sequences of B. bovis and B. gibsoni. The sequence of BbigHSP-70 from the Argentina strain was identified by sequencing. Gene has 2 copies in most apicomplexan, but we did not analyze the copy number in B. bigemina; this will be done in a future study. Phylogenetic analysis of the amino acid sequence showed that all intraerythrocytic protozoan parasites, including Plasmodium spp., make one group located outside the paraphyletic group containing eumycetes and vertebrates.

Feasibility of computer-aided identification of the Plasmodium berghei parasite in the liver stage life cycle and the classification of the parasite phenotype

It has a wide distribution range and is generally found in banana growing areas. In the African region, it has been reported from the Canary Islands (de Guiran and Vilardebo, 1962), Kenya (Prasad et al., 1995), Tanzania (Walker et al., 1983), Uganda (Machon et Hunt, 1985) and Rwanda (Gaidashova et al., 2003). In Ethiopia, it has previously been reported as a serious parasite of ensete (Bogale et al., 2004). The morpho- metrics of our specimens agree well with the original and various other descriptions of the species (Sher et Allen, 1953).

3 separate groups of mosquitos which carried the parasite which caused malaria. One of the groups was sprayed with the fungus, another group sprayed with the wild type fungus and the last group weren’t altered.

Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) consists of a number of infectious diseases including schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis and cysticercosis. Unlike Malaria, these diseases tend to have low mortality, which partially explains why they have been neglected. These diseases are mostly chronic in nature. Although they seldom cause death, these disease manifest themselves in the form of bodily problems such as blindness, disfigurement and malnutrition.

Malaria is one of the diseases that has caused deaths to many people, more so those living in prone localities. As a result, there is the need for weighty research to be done about Malaria so that better control methods can be mitigated. Even though some works have been done in the study of malaria that has informed the current treatment methods, there is still need for more analysis to help in the regular updates. Therefore, the insights provided hitherto and henceforth are crucial in the understanding and update of effective management and control of malaria. In addition, this gives awareness on the best way of handling a microorganism of clinical importance and determines the causative agents of various diseases to understand how to manage them. It is important to help the individual student to gain skills on how to receiver bacteria from the body of a human being. It places an individual student at the better position to acquire familiarity with the laboratory and clinical practices that help in carrying out the routine identification of bacteria in the samples collected.