Kicking Bear's Speech : The Second Treaty Of Fort Laramie

The Lakota, an Indian group of the Great Plains, established their community in the Black Hills in the late eighteenth century (9). This group is an example of an Indian community that got severely oppressed through imperialistic American actions and policy, as the Americans failed to recognize the Lakota’s sovereignty and ownership of the Black Hills. Jeffrey Ostler, author of The Lakotas and the Black Hills: The Struggle for Sacred Ground, shows that the Lakota exemplified the trends and subsequent challenges that Indians faced in America. These challenges included the plurality of groups, a shared colonial experience, dynamic change, external structural forces, and historical agency.

Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, september 27, 1830 - It was the first official treaty signed over the indian removal and it also began the process of it.

The reservation was also the place where the Battle of Wounded Knee occurred (“History of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation”). As the Ghost Dance movement grew in strength and popularity, so did the uneasiness of the United States government. Sitting Bull was captured and killed. The U.S. 7th Cavalry attacked Black Elk’s Sioux encampment, killing 200 men, women, and children. Black Elk also experienced the poverty and starvation forced upon them by the policies of the U.S. government (“Black Elk”). The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 guaranteed land to the Great Sioux Nation. This was cut down to create the present day Pine Ridge Reservation (Martinez).

Oklahoma was once referred to as the “Unassigned Lands” (Fugate,138). This land was land inside Indian Territory that had not been claimed by one of the tribes (Hoig). Whites believed they were entitled to this land and wanted to get the statement across that America is a “white man’s country” (Dorman, 38). Immediately after Benjamin Harrison, the United States of America’s president at the time, announced the land would be opened for settlement, people began gathering their belongings, loading their wagons, or preparing their horses for travel. Thousands of people crowded the borders of the Unassigned Lands in hopes of establishing a settlement in the area (Fugate,140). At noon on April 22, 1889, people dashed across the land with their belongings seeking a plot of land. The Oklahoma Land Run was an exciting, puzzling, and in some cases, a violent day in Oklahoma’s history.

Alfred the great was the most famous ruler of all the Anglo-Saxons. He was the tenacious ruler of the West Anglo-Saxons. The Anglo-Saxons were fighting the Vikings. Alfreds four brothers sadly died so the crown was passed to him. Legend tells us, when he was fleeing from the Vikings he found a village and a woman asked him to watch her cakes while she rushed to feed her animals. He was so consentrated on planning an attack on the Vikings that the cakes burned. Alfred the Great defeated the Vikings and made peace with them which caused the Viking king to convert to Christianity. He established schools to educate his people. Alfred was a really prominent ruler.

Laramie, Wyoming is known as a mostly conservative, republican party majority, which is why there were no hate crime laws that had to deal with sexual orientation or gender identity. Republicans typically were Christians meaning they were against homosexuality and believed it was very wrong. The Laramie officials did not pass any law for about ten years, which showed the Laramie community that their own government did not approve of homosexuals. The government in Laramie is a major influence on a citizen’s political opinion and how they feel on certain topics like homosexuality. If the government does not show approval, how will the citizens of Laramie gain a major acceptance towards homosexuals? Even the governor of Wyoming did not

Although the horrors of the American Civil War and Reconstruction within Indian Territory were fresh. Yet, the presence of Indian Territory changed drastically between 1865 and 1889, because of the “Second Trail of Tears”, the unrest of the Southern Plains tribes of western Indian Territory, and the impact of U.S. Polices on Indian Territory.

On the morning of December 29, 1890, many Sioux Indians (estimated at above two hundred) died at the hands of the United States Army near Wounded Knee Creek on the Pine Ridge Reservation. The Indians were followers of the Ghost Dance religion, devised by Wovoka, a Paiute prophet, as a spiritual outlet for Indian repression by whites. The United States Army set out to intercept this group of Native Americans because they performed the controversial Ghost Dance. Both whites’ and the Sioux’s misunderstanding of an originally peaceful Indian religion culminated in the Battle of Wounded Knee. This essay first shows how the Ghost Dance came about, its later adaptation by the Sioux, and

In the early 19th Century, the Manifest Destiny led many White Americans to conquer new territories and force Native Americans out of their homeland. The growing population caused the need for people to move to have more space for farms and crops. The religious groups were also wanting to sweep God’s word across the nation by going west. The Native Americans were unwilling to give up their land and fought to keep it. Outmatched by the U.S. Military, the Indians were forced to leave and settle in a territory that was not claimed by Whites. Andrew Jackson, the 8th President of the United States, participated in some of the battles with the Natives Americans and the removal of 5 different tribes from their homeland into what is now Oklahoma.1 This research paper is to study about Andrew Jackson, his battles with the Natives, and what led to the Trail of Tears.

Innovations in technology can have a direct impact on our collective way of life. Indeed, the most compelling of technology innovations are those that can be used to improve the quality of human life. This is especially the case in fields such as healthcare and medicine. Fundamental to the functionality of modern society and yet plagued by critical needs and problematic realities, these are areas in which emerging technologies already coming into market readiness may be pushed into practice by virtue of their paired economic viability and social responsibility. So is this the case with telecommunications in healthcare, an area in which we are gradually verging on solutions for many of the geographical, physical and financial obstacles that have limited are ability to treat patients. According to Lin, (1999), "telemedicine enables a physician or specialist at one site to deliver health care, diagnose patients, give intra-operative assistance, provide therapy, or consult with another physician or paramedical personnel at a remote site. Thus, the aim of telemedicine is to provide expert-based health care to understaffed remote sites and to provide advanced emergency care through modern telecommunication and information technologies." (p. 28) Especially in hospital settings, these technologies have the capacity to reduce the expenditure of resource and labor during the treatment process. These features make the

Custer’s death and defeat at Little Bighorn, led the Army to change its tactics. The troops surrounded villages of Red Cloud and Red Leaf. There, they arrested and confined the leaders, holding them responsible for failing to turn in those from hostile bands. After, the tribal leaders finally signed a new treaty giving the Black Hills to the United States (Keenan 213).

In the Last Stand, written by Nathaniel Philbrick he discusses a big leader in the Civil War, George Armstrong Custer and how he led his troops with reckless courage. Philbrick wrote this book which can be viewed in many ways: a bloody massacre that is a big part of American history, or a tale of crazy arrogance and even unmatched bravery. One way that this book can be viewed as is the Last Stand being viewed as an account of a well-known battle that encapsulates the treatment of Native Americans during the “Indian Wars.” The next option is that the Last Stand is a retelling story of a history that does not glorify the United States Army in the Indian Wars, but shows the hubris and reckless of the leaders and army. Finally, the Last Stand can be viewed as a double meaning, both the last stand for Custer and the Last Stand for the Sitting Bull and the Lakota Sioux. In this essay, I’m going to discuss the ways in which Custer leads his troops and how he was a powerful leader during this time.

Crazy Horse was brutally murdered and the Sioux surrendered (“Battle”). In 1890 the government learned that the Native Americans were doing the Ghost Dance (Cayton 265). The Ghost Dance was a ritual in which people join hands and twirled in a circle (Cayton 265). When the government saw the Ghost Dance, they thought the Native Americans were crazy and trying to rebel, so they tried to arrest Sitting Bull (Cayton 265). In this conflict that came to be known as the Battle of Wounded Knee, soldiers killed Sitting Bull, 120 men, and 230 women and children (Cayton 265). These battles pushed Native Americans onto reservations and took away their basic human rights.

At the end of the twentieth century, there have been 159 constitutions written for various countries in the world, 101 of them enacted just since 1970. France, for example, has had ten different constitutions including five republics, two empires, a monarchy, and two dictatorships. The country of El Salvador has had thirty-six constitutions since 1824. The United States, however, has the oldest written framework for the governing of a nation in the world and has

In this book Lear explores the psychology of the Crow people, a native American tribe, that were confined by the U.S. government to a reservation. Lear in particular discusses a sentence that Plenty Coups, the Chief of the Crow Nation, says – “When the buffalo went away the hears of my people fell to the ground, and they could not lift them up again. After this nothing happened” (Lear, 2). Lear’s interpretation of “nothing happened” is that things lost their meaning after the Crow people were confined to the reservation. Originally, the life of the Crow was almost entirely occupied by acts related to their constant battle with other native American tribes, in particular the Sioux. For example, planting coups to mark the boundary and hitting enemies with coups were something significant in the traditional Crow life. Both of them were meaningful when the Crow were in constant antagonism with the Sioux, not only because they are beneficial for the survival of the Crow, but also because they were marks and indispensable components of a way of life. However, after the Crow were confined to the reservation and were forbidden by the U.S. government from battling with other tribes, both acts lost their meaning because of the disappearance of the enemy. Lear goes even further to doubt that if the sole purpose of simple acts such as cooking and eating is simply to get “ready for tomorrow’s battle”, then all such simple acts lose the meaning as well (Lear, 39). When the entirety of the Crow life stops to make sense, it is questionable whether there is still any Crow people (Lear,