Ketamine Research Paper

As the opioid epidemic continues to rise, news outlets and politicians have focused their attention on heroin and opioids. However, they continue to ignore the number one killer, fentanyl. This synthetic opioid is similar to heroin but 50-100 times more potent. In the pharmaceutical industry, fentanyl is prescribed to treat extreme pain, specifically in cancer patients.

There has been a mystery of the cause of death of pop singer Prince. Some claim he died from an overdose of a drug that goes by the name of “Percocet”. While others claim he died from aids.

One in five people in the United States suffered from allergies or asthma symptoms (Allergy Statistics and Facts, webmd.com) . Most people at some point have taken or bought Benadryl to relieve an allergic reaction, itchiness, or for the common cold. In 1943, George Rieveschl discovered diphenhydramine while researching muscle relaxers. Eventually, Rieveschl changed the name of the antihistamine relief drug from diphenhydramine into Benadryl. Benadryl is now a common household name, that has various uses, ways to be taken, and side effects.

The periodic table has 118 elements. The compound we are going to focus on is acetaminophen. What is the drug acetaminophen? It is an over-the-counter drug that serves as a painkiller and a fever reducer. It is used to treat various conditions such as muscle aches, backache, toothaches, headaches, and arthritis. Although it is considered an analgesic because it is a pain reliever, it has no anti-inflammatory properties. Also, because it contains no anti-inflammatory properties, it is not a member of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, also known as NSAIDs.

In the article “Club Drug Ketamine gains traction as a treatment for depression,” Jon Hamilton describes how Ketamine has a better effect on depression than most drugs or therapy methods available. Although ketamine is not approved by the FDA now, it was approved as an anesthetic back in the 1970 when it was discovered. Ketamine has been tested on patients with even the toughest depression and has shown results. In 2006, the National Institute of Mental Health conducted an experiment on patients with depression with a single intravenous dose of Ketamine and started seeing rapid antidepressant effects within a couple of hours. Dr. Feifel is one of many doctors that believe the future of psychiatry is going to include Ketamine or a derivation

Methaqualone, is also referred to as Disco Biscuits, Down And Dirties, Jekyll-and-Hyde, Joe Fridays, Lemmon 714, Lemons, Lennon's, Lovers, Ludes, Mandies, Mandrake, Q, Qua, Quack, Quad, Quaaludes, Soaper, Supper, Vitamin Q, The Love Drug, Wallbangers, Whore Pills, and Sopor. This list of street names for the drug goes on and on.

There are numerous amounts of different drugs available in the world today, whether they are available over the counter, by prescription or in many other different ways. These drugs include Caffeine, Tobacco, Alcohol, and Medication; as well as Marijuana, Heroin, Amphetamines and Cocaine. Some of these drugs are legal and some of these are illegal, but what’s the difference between these drugs and their effect on your health?

Salbutamol is a generally utilized asthma solution sold under various exchange names, including Ventolin and Proventil. It is a bronchodilator, implying that it follows up on particular cells in the airway route to augment the air entries. Its instrument of activity, which is through association with a particular cell receptor, the beta-2-adrenergic receptor (b-2AR), has been seriously considered. The coupling of salbutamol to b-2AR "actuates" the receptor, invigorating it to deliver chemicals that in the end lead to unwinding of the airway passage muscles. Salbutamol is composed of an aromatic ring, hydroxyls and an amine and t-Butyl group.

I think it would be considered a fad diet from everything i've read and seen.It’s a diet fine-tuned in the 1920s to help treat epilepsy. People on ketogenic diets can lose weight, at least in the short term, although scientists aren’t entirely sure why. The  production of ketones may help control hunger or improve the breakdown of fat. Ketones are meant to be an emergency backup system for your body, not a long-term energy source. They increase the body’s acidity, which can lead to low blood phosphate levels, decreased brain function, and increased risk for osteoporosis and kidney stones.  People on ketogenic diets report higher rates of headaches, bad breath, constipation, diarrhea, general weakness, rash, insomnia, and back pain.Your body

Promethazine (Phenergan) also known as a form of “codeine” acts as an antihistamine. It that originated in the 1940’s and was invented by a group of French scientist. It was created by combining phenothiazine and a diamine side chain of diphenhydramine. It is used to treat allergy symptoms such as itching, sneezing, hives, and itchy skin rashes. It also prevents motion sickness, and treats nausea, vomiting, or pain after surgery. It can be used as a sedative or sleep aid. Some side effects of promethazine are dizziness, dry mouth, constipation, twitching, drooling and trouble swallowing. My take on the medicine is that its helpful health wise but people abuse it.

Chapter two discusses how psychoactive drugs influence our behavior by it reaching the central nervous system first, the most common routes being inhalation, oral administration and injection. I found it interesting that heroin can cross the blood-brain barrier a 100 times more than morphine because it is more liquid soluble. Having stress when taking any of the psychoactive drugs only increases the effects it will have on the brain. Chemicals that normally could not go through the blood-brain barrier will now have access under stress. Combining stress with the use of psychoactive drugs can lead to more serious risk such as drug toxicity and even overdose. Another issue that I found fascinating in chapter two were the drug stimulants being

Alprazolam or Xanax is a medication, an anxiolytic (anti-anxiety agent), a medium-term benzodiazepine derivative that is used to treat panic disorders, anxiety neuroses such as anxiety disorder or social phobia. Alprazolam is close to triazolam by its chemical structure, differs from the absence of the Cl atom at phenyl at position. Alprazolam has less pronounced hypnotic effect. It is used mainly for short-term withdrawal of feelings of anxiety and fear.

It is suggested that ketamine (racemic) and ketamine(s+)had potent analegesic effect in comparison with placebo on a wide range of pain modalities ,which involves spatial and temporal summation aspects. If we chose target concentration of ketamine(postulated close to plasma concentration), which have been worked on depression of auditory evoked potentials and hypnotic effect. Actually, the ideal ratio of ketamine (racemic): ketamine(s+) for this is close to 2:1. (4)In the clinical study, (s+) isomer was found to be four times more potent than the (R-) isomer for management of postoperative orofacial

After doing some research I found that epinephrine is mainly used to treat severe allergic reactions and heart problems. Epinephrine is used as a short acting drug that is useful in those emergency situations. Since it is a short acting supportive drug and it is still needed if the patient is in shock or due to causes other than heart disease, or is pregnant and when using epinephrine would cause the patient harm to

Ketamine is medically designed to be used as a sedative and anesthesia in animals such as livestock. Humans however abuse the drug as it makes one fall into a trance like state where they are insensitive of their body and surrounding. It is mostly used by rapists on their victims, who fall prey to STIs and unwanted pregnancies. Its overdose can lead to death due to elevated blood pressure.