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Karl Popper Falsification

Decent Essays

I will examine the views of scientific knowledge of Karl Popper (Popper) and Thomas Kuhn (Kuhn). The scientific revolution of Einstein’s physics will be used as an example. Popper’s theory of Falsification claimed that a statement or theory could be proven false. A statement or theory, according to Popper, is falsifiable if there’s a possibility that it can be refuted with evidence, or a more appropriate theory. If we take the problem of induction as an example, no number of confirming observations can verify a universal general observation. For example, to induce that all swans are white is logically impossible without seeing every swan in the world. For Popper, it is logically possible to falsify it by observing a single black swan. Thus, …show more content…

Eddington’s observations were published in the international media, making Einstein world famous. This was a hugely influential moment in the history of physics as Einstein’s risky hypotheses had the potential to be falsified and he knowingly risked this in the name of science. Popper commended Einstein on this bold and risky hypothesis and recounted his thoughts on the Einstein-Eddington situation in his book Conjectures and Refutations, saying “there was a lot of popular nonsense talked about these theories, and especially about relativity (as still happens even today), but I was fortunate in those who introduced me to the study of this theory. We all—the small circle of students to which I belong—were thrilled with the result of Eddington's eclipse observations which in 1919 brought the first important confirmation of Einstein's theory of gravitation. It was a great experience for us, and one which had a lasting influence on my intellectual development.” (p. 44 Conjectures and Refutations)
Through his writings, it is evident that Popper did not initially believe that Einstein’s theory of gravitation was true. He believed it had more in common with primitive myths than science and resembled astrology rather than astronomy, so he was pleasantly surprised when Eddington’s expedition confirmed Einstein’s …show more content…

Popper’s intentions with falsification were to define scientific hypothesis and non-scientific hypothesis. The way to make the distinction between these two, according to Popper, was to make predictions that can be falsified by experiment and testing. This was evidently introduced to solve the demarcation problem between science and non-science. However, a major critique of Popper’s theory is that the process of falsifying is not as simple as it appears. This critique stems from the “Duhem/Quine thesis”. According to the Duhem/Quine thesis, Pierre Duhem and Willard Van Orman Quine stated that it is basically impossible to test a scientific hypothesis by itself because an empirical test of the hypothesis requires one or more auxiliary assumptions. The Duhem/Quine thesis argues that no scientific hypothesis is able to make predictions by itself and an experimental result can contradict a prediction but this does not necessarily mean that any error resides in the theory. Instead, deriving predictions from the hypothesis typically requires background assumptions that several other hypotheses are correct; for example, that an experiment works as predicted or that previous scientific theory is sufficiently accurate. An example of this is the Faster-than-light neutrino anomaly, which contradicted Einstein's theory of relativity. However, this anomaly did not ultimately falsify it because it turned out that there was an

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