Despite al-Dawānīqī’s threat, al-Ṣādiq designated his son, Ismaʿil, as his successor and imam. However, al-Dawānīqī’s persecution, threat, and frustration brought a new twist to the life and history of Shīʿa communities. The key twist in this part of the Shīʿa history is the issue of Ismāʿīl’s imamate and occultation. Historical accounts vary on Ismaʿil’s death and life during al-Ṣādiq’s lifetime. While it is beyond the scope and focus of this paper to enter into a debate on this matter, it suffices to state that the ʿAbbāsid threat and persecution caused the emergence of many splinter groups among al-Ṣādiq’s followers. Remaining with the Ismaili line of imamate, Ismaili communities firmly believe in Ismāʿīl’s imamate and the continuation of …show more content…
Firstly, it informs us that the region of Qandahār, Sīstān, Hirāt, Ghūr, and Gharjistān (which is currently the homeland of Baluch, Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara and other Turkic groups) was heavily penetrated by the Ismaili dāʿīs, who maintained a significant daʿwa network and were very successful in their missions. Secondly, it names certain daʿwa figures, namely Abū Bilāl and his key associates, Ḥamdān and Tūzkā, whose headquarter was named Dār al-ʿAdl. Thirdly, it reveals that non-Ismaili power holders and amīrs failed to give an intellectual response to the Ismaili daʿwa. Instead, they chose to respond by way of violence, military force, and slaying the converted laypeople. Fourthly, the killing of Ismaili dāʿīs and communities also appears to have been an easy and quick means to political and religious popularity. The governors would secure their positions in the eyes of the amīrs, who in turn would gain the religious blessings of the ʿAbbāsid caliphs and chief religious clerics. Finally, the execution of ten captured Ismaili notables in the cities of Balkh, Samarqand, Farghānah, Khwārazm, and Nīshāpūr suggests at least three points: gaining religious popularity, creating fear in the heart of people and stopping them from converting to the Ismaili faith, and that the Ismaili dāʿīs had already created a clandestine daʿwa network in these cities. However, despite the massacre and terror the Sāmānid Amīr and his governors created …show more content…
According to Ibn Nadīm’s and Niẓām al-Mulk’s accounts, al-Hallāj was the first dāʿī of Jibāl in present-day Iran (Ibn Nadim, 2002:352; Niẓām al-Mulk, 1999:283-4). He might have been the first person who could have assumed an official title of dāʿī, but, as the presented analyses have demonstrated, he certainly was not the first person who was involved in the Ismaili daʿwa in Persia. Ghiyāth fled to Khurasan around the end of the third/ninth and the beginning of the fourth/tenth centuries, when a certain Sunni cleric, ʿAbd Allāh al-Zaʿfarānī, incited public opinion against him (Niẓām al-Mulk, 1999:284). Al-Zaʿfarānī was the founder of the al-Zaʿfarāniyya faction, one of the three schools of Najjāriyya (al-Barghawthiyya, Mustadrika, and al-Zaʿfarāniyya), and a follower of Ḥusaīn ibn Muḥammad al-Najjār. He attacked Ghiyāth in order to create a bigger space and fame for himself. Consequently, Ghiyāth migrated to Khurasan and settled in Marw al-Rūd, in present-day Bālā Murghāb in north-western Bādghīs province of Afghanistan, which is still populated with many Hazara groups. Ghiyāth’s major achievement was the conversion of Amīr al-Ḥusaīn ibn ʿAlī al-Marwarūdī or al-Marwazī (hereafter, al-Marwazī). He governed Sīstān, Hirāt, Ghūr, Gharjistān, Bādghīs, and Marw (Stern, 1960:60-61; Niẓām al-Mulk, 1999:285) for the Sāmānid amīrs. As has already been mentioned,
Long Ago in the 1500's there used to be a mobilization of witches. They were formed together to protect the people of Restaria. Furthermore it was over 20 witches within the radicalized group, all of them ran from Restaria. All except Seven they stayed as a united front to protect their town from the demons who rose through the night in the air. Nevertheless after the bloody war the witches bodies were never found. Also their nemesis were left on the ground to see. The whole town saw what happened but no one could believe it. Years, Centuries later as time grew and decades past. The witches tale became a folklore they started becoming bed time stories, pictographs, ideas for movie directors. Along the older generations it brought back nostalgia
The purpose of this book was to examine the history and social life of Salem Village to try to figure out what was the cause of the events that occurred there. I believe that the authors achieved their objective at least they did to me. Boyer and Nissenbaum's explanation for the outbreak of witchcraft accusations in Salem hinges on an understanding of the economic,
Hosseini incorporation of cultural conventions and hierarchy introduces the complex relationship between Hassan and Amir. Hassan was a member of the Hazara caste; a historically socially, politically and economically oppressed group. In contrast, Amir was a Pashtun, a historically dominant, richer and overall higher caste. The conflict between Hazaras and Pashtuns stems from a difference in religious beliefs. The Hazaras were Shi’a Muslims, whereas Pashtuns were Sunni Muslims. Their conflict regarding the successor to Prophet Muhammed, translated into social, and economic oppression and persecution. “Throughout Afghan History, the Pashtuns [held] the highest influential rank above other ethnic groups, specifically the Hazaras”. Hosseini directly infuses this historical context into the text when Amir found a history book, wherein he learned that “…the Pashtuns…had persecuted and oppressed the
This document teaches historians about the Islamic Empire under the rule of the Abbasid Empire and how, during al-Ya’qubi’s time, Baghdad was the heart of the huge network the Islamic Empire had created. Al-Ya’qubi lived during the ninth century and his observations on Baghdad in “A New Islamic Dynasty” gave historians more insight into the Islamic World regarding: a) the central role that Baghdad played in the Islamic State during his time, b) Baghdad’s transformation from village to powerful city and c) perceiving how al-Yaqubi’s personal ties to Baghdad affected his observations. Although al-Ya’qubi may have exaggerated when describing some people or events, he certainly highlighted the historical period and society where he lived by mentioning how central and pivotal Baghdad as a city was to the Islamic World both during his time – and, to an extent, for world history as a
Witch craze in Europe during: the period of the Protestant Reformation, Catholic Counter-Reformation, the Scientific Revolution, and the consolidation of national governments from about 1480-1700
As mentioned before, the Pashtuns, Amir´s ethnic group is the dominant group in the book and this is shown in many ways. To begin with Amir, in Afghanistan, lived in an enormous and luxurious house ¨Everyone agreed that my father, my Baba, had built the most beautiful house¨ (Hosseni, 2005, pág. 4), he had a very good economic situation and a wealthy life. Amir´s dad, Baba, in the novel, was well known by everyone and it´s clearly shown as a figure of respect in the Afghan community, and where ever he went, this can be shown in the following quote: ¨the young woman´s husband suddenly stood and did something I´d seen many times before: He kissed Baba´s hand.¨ (Hosseni, 2005, pág. 117). As mentioned before Khaled Hosseini represents the Pashtuns with the example of Amir and Baba to show the good side of the Afghan society that ruled in those times, but he is not shy at showing all that bad it had; a clear example is Assef. Assef is a bully that represents all the villainy that was in the power when the Soviet Union invaded Kabul, this character is the one that raped Hassan, and he was the one that had Sohrab, Hassan´s son as a slave because they belong to a different ethnic group ¨there´s nothing sinful about teaching a lesson to a disrespectful donkey (…) It´s just a Hazara¨
“Have you ever wondered if Magic or witches and wizards really exist in this modern world? Well yes, they do exist, and they are quite active in the modern world. There are more than 10 million witches in the United States, with new practitioners on the rise daily.”(Caine) Being a witch is much different than what you may have seen in the movies. There is real magic to the craft, but witches or wizards don 't walk around turning people into to frogs with a flick of their magic wands. They don 't disappear into thin air, nor do they fly around through the night on broomsticks. They also don 't live in a big castle or mansion. They walk around as normal people and you wouldn 't be able to tell them apart for anyone else. The art of real witchcraft is one of the oldest practices in the world. “The oldest instruments of the real craft that have been discovered date back to 40,000 years ago, while the practice of real witchcraft dates back to paleolithic times. It is very much a way of life, as you may have heard from the modern followers of Wicca. During the middle ages, and in the event known as The Inquisition, the practice of witchcraft became outlawed throughout most of the Christianized world, an offense punishable by death.”(Caine) A witchcraft frenzy broke out in the early colonial history of America in Salem, Massachusetts. Insane torture tactics were put in by the church to draw out confessions. This period of time is often cited as the start of "the burning times."
Witch hunting was the persecution and possible execution of individuals considered to be ‘witches’ loyal to the devil. It was an all too common occurrence from 1603-1712 all over Europe. However in order to understand why this happened the context must be taken into account. It was a time of change, the Renaissance - the rebirth of culture, ideas and attitudes to living. The Reformation had also only been implemented in England in the last 80 years back from 1603, when it had previously been catholic for centuries. The English civil war from 1642 to 1651 is argued to have played a part in the intensification of the witch hunts in England due to the peak in executions whilst it was on going. Some historians have taken the view that in time of crisis certain groups can be victimised like in wars, famine, disease outbreaks and changes in society structure.
Imam al-Ghazali (d.1111) remains perhaps the most important religious authority in Islam after the first three generations of Muslims. The title, ‘Proof of Islam’, conferred upon him by the majority of Muslims, is a reflection of the complexity of his work, which included jurisprudence, theology, philosophy, psychology, and mysticism. This essay will demonstrate how al-Ghazali synthesised concepts of tawheed (unity of God), islam (ritual worship, virtue, ilham (Godly inspiration) and tasawwuf (Sufism) in a broad ethical theory. His ethics, as illustrated in the Ihya Ulum id-Deen, can be applied by common
"I'll get you my pretty, and your little dog too!" The Wicked Witch of the West...
Meanwhile, in Persia, there was a bout after the Mongol Holocaust when Sunni Turks took over in the fifteenth century and the belief of the Safavids was tested. But, Ismail, an heir to the
As a political tactic, rulers often portray themselves in a certain way in order to stabilize their reign and rule more effectively. Some take the approach of uniqueness by setting themselves apart from their subject population while others take the approach of sameness by emphasizing the similarities in which they share with the people. Not exclusively limited to apartness or sameness, some rulers have shown to employ a mix of both ruling styles. It is these versatile rulers who have experienced more successes in their reign because they are not compelled to only one ruling style, allowing them to better adapt to the needs of their ruling population. The apartness ruling style is best seen in the Safavid Empire under the rule of Shah Ismail. Shah Ismail uses religion as a political tool to control his state and does so by declaring Shi’ism, a smaller branch of Islam, as the state religion (#). After separating himself & his people from those who are not willing to abide to his ideologies, Shah Ismail can now demand the absolute loyalties from his subjects and persecute those who are deviant. This radical act further creates a deep chasm between Shi’ite Muslims and nearby Sunni Muslims neighbors. As a result, cultural flow and the exchange of beliefs between Sunni & Shi’ite states are essentially hindered. Ismail’s apartness ruling approach is taken to the extreme with social, religious, and legal systems being strictly confined to Shi’ite doctrines (@). It is noted that
Similarly the social integration of pre-Islamic shapes our understanding of Islam. The notion of social integration developed within the Byzantine and Sassanic period (Hoyland, 2001). The Sassanic dynasty influenced the Islamic administrative system, it was also the aftermath of the competition dwelling between the two dynasties (Hoyland, 2001). Although these dynasties were competitive they shared a common values such as being imperialists and harmony (Hoyland, 2001). The imperial commercial network meant that the leaders had to negotiate and political rapports were created with the empires and harmony prevailed.
In this paper, the following question will be answered: “What was the main factor that influenced the degree of religious tolerance or oppression by Berber rulers in al-Andalus during the years 1094 -1248?” In particular, this question will be examining the treatment of dhimmis, or “protected people,” which is to say Christians and Jews by Almoravid and Almohad rulers. In addition, this paper will address the practice of labeling those who were perceived to be bad Muslims as kafir and how this label was used by the Almohad Movement in order to delegitimatize the ruling Almoravid dynasty and conquer their territory, while at the same time used to reenforce
In this term paper, I will discuss and analyze the political thought of Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī also known as Al-Ghazali by the western medieval world. He was a famous Muslim was a theologian, philosopher, jurist and a spiritual Persian descent. This term paper was compiled by referring to many different articles and books on Islamic Political thought for the course “Socio Economical Philosophy of Islam” taught at Institute of Business Administration Karachi. It focuses on the importance of political apprehensions and how they had an impact on the Islamic community.